lectures/Astroschool_lect_2022/03-optics/optinfo.tex

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\hypersetup{pdfpagemode=FullScreen}
\usepackage{lect}

\title{òÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÑ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ É ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ, × ÎÅÍ ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÁÑÓÑ}
\date{8~ÁÐÒÅÌÑ 2022~ÇÏÄÁ}

\begin{document}
% ôÉÔÕÌ
\bgroup\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=black}
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
\end{frame}\egroup\logo{}
% óÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ
\begin{frame}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\section{<<äÅËÏÍÐÏÚÉÃÉÑ>> ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ: 3D, 4D ÄÁÎÎÙÅ}
\begin{frame}{<<äÅËÏÍÐÏÚÉÃÉÑ>> ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ: 3D, 4D ÄÁÎÎÙÅ}
\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.3}\begin{block}{}
éÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ: 4 ÓÔÅÐÅÎÉ Ó×ÏÂÏÄÙ (ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ ÎÁ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÉ, ÞÁÓÔÏÔÁ, ×ÒÅÍÑ).
3D data cubes (FITS-files): ÓÌÁÊÓÙ ÐÏ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ (ÂÙÓÔÒÏÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÏÂßÅËÔÙ, lucky images, 
speckle\dots) ÉÌÉ ÐÏ ÞÁÓÔÏÔÅ (VPHG, IFP, ÓÒÅÄÎÅ- É ÛÉÒÏËÏÐÏÌÏÓÎÙÅ ÆÉÌØÔÒÙ).
\end{block}\col{0.65}\img{lucky_stack}}}
\only<2>{\img{speckleflow}}
\only<3>{\cols{\col{0.37}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.85]{IFPstack}\col{0.57}\img{VPHGstack}}}
\end{frame}

\section{äÉÓÐÅÒÇÉÒÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ}
\begin{frame}{äÉÓÐÅÒÇÉÒÕÀÝÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ: ÐÒÉÚÍÙ}
\vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\img[0.55]{Fraunhofer_spectroscope}\vspace*{-0.8em}
	1814, ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÓËÏÐ êÏÚÅÆÁ ÆÏÎ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÁ}
\only<2>{\img[0.75]{prism_spectrometer}}
\only<3>{\img[0.7]{prism_spectrometer_sch}}
\only<4>{\img[0.85]{prism_monochr}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\begin{block}{}
    1872, ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒ ÷ÅÇÉ ÎÁ ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÅ. ó 1918 ÐÏ 1924~Ç. ×ÙÛÅÌ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ HD × ÞÅÓÔØ äÒÜÐÅÒÁ 
    (ÉÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ 225300 Ú×ÅÚÄ, üÄ×ÁÒÄ ðÉËÅÒÉÎÇ ÓÏÔÏ×ÁÒÉÝÉ, ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÑ × ÇÁÒ×ÁÒÄÓËÏÊ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÉ Ó 
    ÏÂßÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÒÉÚÍÏÊ).
\end{block}
\img{Drapers_spectra}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{âÅÓÝÅÌÅ×ÙÅ ÓÐÅËÔÒÙ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{îÉËÏÌÁÓ íÅÊÏÌ, 1930-Å.
\img[0.94]{slitless_schematic}}
\only<2>{\img[0.88]{slitless}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÒÅÛÅÔËÁ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\img[0.6]{Fraunhofer_grating}\vspace*{-0.8em}îÉÔÑÎÁÑ ÒÅÛÅÔËÁ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÁ}
\only<2>{\img[0.75]{Diffraction_Grating_Equation}}
\only<3>{\img[0.67]{diffraction_image006}}
\only<4>{\img[0.85]{Large_Diffraction_grating}}
\only<5>{\img[0.8]{Czerny-turner_monochr}íÏÎÏÈÒÏÍÁÔÏÒ þÅÒÎÉ--ô\"ÅÒÎÅÒÁ}
\only<6>{\img[0.52]{Fastie-Ebert_Monochromator}\vspace*{-0.8em} íÏÎÏÈÒÏÍÁÔÏÒ æÁÓÔÉ--üÂÅÒÔÁ}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{äÌÉÎÎÏÝÅÌÅ×ÙÅ ÓÐÅËÔÒÙ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\img[0.4]{slit_spectr}}
\only<2>{\img[0.6]{gmoslongslit_galaxy}}
\only<3>{\img{gmoslongslit_galext}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Integral field spectrograph}\vspace*{-0.7em}
\only<1>{\img[0.8]{integral_field_spectr_designs}}
\only<2>{\img[0.6]{Hectospec_focal_plane}\vspace*{-0.8em}
	Hectospec --- ÓÌÏÖÎÙÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÇÒÁÆ 6.5-Í ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ MMT}
\only<3>{\img[0.65]{ifs_data_cube}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{üÛÅÌÌÅ--ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÇÒÁÆ}\vspace*{-0.7em}
\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.47}\begin{block}{}ëÏÎÆÉÇÕÒÁÃÉÑ ìÉÔÔÒÏ×Á ÓÉÎÉÍ.\\
õÇÏÌ ÂÌÅÓËÁ $\theta_B>45\degr$.\end{block}
\col{0.47}\begin{block}{}$$\theta _{B}=\arcsin\frac{m\lambda}{2d}.$$\end{block}}
\img[0.52]{Blazed_grating}}
\only<2>{\img[0.7]{Echelle_dispersion}}
\only<3>{\img[0.7]{echelle_inst}}
\only<4>{\img[0.7]{echelle_spect}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{çÒÉÚÍÁ}\vspace*{-0.7em}
\only<1>{\img[0.7]{grism_light}}
\only<2>{\img{FOCAS_grisms}\vspace*{-0.7em}
	îÁÂÏÒ ÇÒÉÚÍ The Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph (FOCAS Subaru).}
\only<3>{\img[0.65]{FOCAS_subaru}}
\only<4>{\img[0.67]{Grism1}}
\only<5>{\img[0.67]{Grism2}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{VPHG}\vspace*{-0.7em}
\only<1>{\img[0.57]{VPHG_ex}}
\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.27}\begin{block}{}
$$Q=\frac{2\pi\lambda d}{n_g\Lambda^2\cos\alpha}.$$
$$\frac{d\theta}{d\lambda}=\frac{m}{\Lambda\cos\theta}.$$
The phase grating is called  "thin" for Q < 1 and "thick" for Q > 10.
\end{block}\col{0.7}\img{VPGfig2}}}
\only<3>{\img[0.6]{VPHG}}
\only<4>{\img[0.7]{VP_HolographicGratings_eff_vs_wavelength3}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{éÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒ æÁÂÒÉ--ðÅÒÏ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\img[0.6]{ifp_theor}}
\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.65}\begin{block}{}ëÕÂÙ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÒÉ ÓËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ éæð. 
á.÷.~íÏÉÓÅÅ×\footnote{\url{https://www.sao.ru/hq/lsfvo/devices/scorpio/scorpio.html}}.
\end{block}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\img[0.7]{ifp_theor2}\col{0.25}\img{IFP_datacube}}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ëÁÌÉÂÒÏ×ËÉ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\blueimg{Integr_sphere_principle}}
\only<2>{\img[0.45]{Commercial_Integrating_Sphere}}
\only<3>{\img[0.75]{ar_ne600}}
\only<4>{Th/Ar\vspace*{-1.5em}\img[0.5]{thorium}}
\end{frame}

\section{ðÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÑ É ÁÎÁÌÉÚÁÔÏÒÙ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÉ}
\begin{blueframe}{ðÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÑ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\begin{block}{}$I=k_{a}I_{0}\cos^{2}\varphi$. 1810, üÔØÅÎ ìÕÉ íÁÌÀÓ "--- ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×ÅÎÎÁÑ
ËÏÒÐÕÓËÕÌÑÒÎÁÑ ÔÅÏÒÉÑ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÉ Ó×ÅÔÁ. 1821, æÒÅÎÅÌØ "--- ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÁÑ ÔÅÏÒÉÑ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÉ.
\end{block}
\only<1>{\img{Electromagnetic_wave}}
\only<2>{\img[0.6]{Malus_law-ru}}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ óÔÏËÓÁ}
\only<1>{\vspace*{-0.7em}\begin{block}{}
\cols{\col{0.35}$$\begin{aligned}
S_0&=I=E_{a}^2+E_{b}^2\\
S_1&=Q=I\cos2\psi\cos2\chi\\
S_2&=U=I\sin2\psi\cos2\chi\\
S_3&=V=I\sin2\chi 
\end{aligned}$$\col{0.65}
$E_a$, $E_b$~-- ÂÏÌØÛÁÑ É ÍÁÌÁÑ ÐÏÌÕÏÓÉ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÜÌÌÉÐÓÁ, $\psi$~-- ÕÇÏÌ ÐÏ×ÏÒÏÔÁ
ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÜÌÌÉÐÓÁ ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÌØÎÏÊ ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÎÏÊ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔ, $\chi$~-- 
×ÓÐÏÍÏÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÕÇÏÌ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÍÙÊ ÉÚ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑ $\tg\chi=E_a/E_b$.}\end{block}
\vspace*{-0.7em}\cols{\col{0.5}\begin{block}{}
ôÒÉ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÙÈ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÁ: $I^2=Q^2+U^2+V^2$.
ðÕÓÔØ $E_1$ É $E_2$~-- ÏÒÔÏÇÏÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÒÏÅËÃÉÉ~$\vec{E}$, $\delta$~-- ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔØ ÆÁÚ × ÐÒÏÅËÃÉÑÈ. 
ôÏÇÄÁ:
$$\begin{aligned}
S_0&=I=E_1^2 + E_2^2\\
S_1&=Q=E_1^2 - E_2^2\\
S_2&=U=2 E_1 E_2\cos\delta\\
S_3&=V=2 E_1 E_2\sin\delta
\end{aligned}$$
\end{block}
\col{0.4}\img{Polarization_ellipse}}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}
÷ÒÁÝÁÅÍ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÔÏÒ ÎÁ 0, 60 É 120 ÇÒÁÄÕÓÏ×, ×ÙÞÉÓÌÑÅÍ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ óÔÏËÓÁ.\\
ä×Å ×ÏÌÎÙ, ÌÉÎÅÊÎÏ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÏ×ÁÎÎÙÅ ÐÏÄ ÐÒÑÍÙÍ ÕÇÌÏÍ ÄÒÕÇ Ë ÄÒÕÇÕ, ÎÅ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÉÒÕÀÔ!
\end{block}
\img{stokes_calc}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{õÇÏÌ âÒÀÓÔÅÒÁ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{$$\tg\theta_B=n,\quad\text{ÕÇÏÌ ÐÁÄÅÎÉÑ $\theta_B$}$$
\blueimg[0.6]{Brewster_window}}
\only<2>{\img[0.9]{brewster_polarizer_small}}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{ä×ÏÊÎÏÅ ÌÕÞÅÐÒÅÌÏÍÌÅÎÉÅ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}
1969, òÁÓÍÕÓ âÁÒÔÏÌÉÎ, ËÒÉÓÔÁÌÌ ÉÓÌÁÎÄÓËÏÇÏ ÛÐÁÔÁ. $\Delta n=n_{e}-n_{o}$.
\end{block}
\img[0.45]{Positively_birefringent_material}}
\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.67}\img{LCD_layers}\col{0.3}
\begin{block}{}
    1,5~-- ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÔÏÒÙ,\\
    2,4~-- ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÙÅ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÄÙ,\\
    3~-- öë (ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ×ÅÝÅÓÔ×Ï),\\
    6~-- ÏÔÒÁÖÁÔÅÌØ ÉÌÉ ÐÏÄÓ×ÅÔËÁ.
\end{block}}}
\only<3>{\img{Nicol_prism}\black{ðÒÉÚÍÁ îÉËÏÌÑ}}
\only<4>{\img[0.7]{Wollaston-prism}\black{ðÒÉÚÍÁ ÷ÏÌÌÁÓÔÏÎÁ}}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{÷ÏÌÎÏ×ÙÅ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÉ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\img[0.65]{Waveplate}\vspace*{-0.8em}
	ðÏÌÕ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÁÑ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÁ}
\only<2>{\blueimg{CircularPolarization}\vspace*{-0.8em}
	þÅÔ×ÅÒÔØ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÁÑ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÁ}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ðÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÑ × ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÅ}
\begin{block}{}
ëÏÇÅÒÅÎÔÎÙÅ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÉ (ÇÉÄÒÏËÓÉÌØÎÙÅ ÉÌÉ ÍÅÔÁÎÏÌÏ×ÙÅ ÍÁÚÅÒÙ).\\
òÁÓÓÅÑÎÉÅ ÎÁ ÍÅÖÚ×ÅÚÄÎÏÊ ÐÙÌÉ.\\
÷ÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÉ × ÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÙÈ ÐÏÌÑÈ (ÜÆÆÅËÔ æÁÒÁÄÅÑ).\\
ðÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÑ CMB "--- ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÅ ÆÉÚÉËÉ ÒÁÎÎÅÊ ÷ÓÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ.\\
ðÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÓÉÎÈÒÏÔÒÏÎÎÏÇÏ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ.\\
÷ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ, ÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÉ ÐÏ×ÌÉÑÌÉ ÎÁ ÓÅÌÅËÃÉÀ ÈÉÒÁÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÂÅÌËÏ× É ÐÒÏÞÉÈ ÏÒÇÁÎÉÞÅÓËÉÈ 
ÍÏÌÅËÕÌ ÎÁ úÅÍÌÅ.
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\section{íÅÔÏÄÙ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÉ}
\begin{frame}{áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ}
\begin{defin}\textbf{áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ} "--- ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÉ, ÔÅÓÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÐÌÅÔÅÎÎÙÊ Ó ÈÉÍÉÅÊ É ÆÉÚÉËÏÊ. 
<<It seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions 
in space~--- what they are, rather than where they are>> (1897, äÖÅÊÍÓ ëÉÌÅÒ).
\vspace{1em}

ïÓÎÏ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÉËÉ "--- ÷ÉÌØÑÍ èÁÊÄ ÷ÏÌÌÁÓÔÏÎ É êÏÚÅÆ ÆÏÎ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒ. 

óÁÍ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ <<ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ>> ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎ éÏÇÁÎÎÏÍ ëÁÒÌÏÍ æÒÉÄÒÉÈÏÍ ã\"eÌÌØÎÅÒÏÍ (ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÅÎ ÐÏ ÔÏÞÎÏÊ 
ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ) × 1865~Ç. 

áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ ÄÅÌÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔÅÌØÎÕÀ É ÔÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÕÀ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÅÓÑ × ÔÅÓÎÏÊ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÓ×ÑÚÉ.
\end{defin}
\end{frame}


\section{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\begin{frame}{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}\vspace*{-0.7em}
\begin{block}{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒ ã\"ÅÌÌØÎÅÒÁ}
    1861~Ç. "--- ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒ Ó ÜÔÁÌÏÎÎÙÍ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÏÍ. çÁÚÏ×ÁÑ ÇÏÒÅÌËÁ, ÐÒÉÚÍÙ ÷ÏÌÌÁÓÔÏÎÁ, 
    ÐÌÏÓËÏÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÁÑ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÁ.
\end{block}\vspace*{-0.7em}
\img{zollner_photometer}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{ïÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ}\vspace*{-2em}
\begin{columns}
    \column{0.35\textwidth}
    \begin{block}{}
        \begin{itemize}
            \item ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ Ó×ÅÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÂßÅËÔÁ ÉÌÉ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ ÄÏ ÎÅÇÏ.
            \item áÓÔÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ.
            \item ëÌÁÓÓÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ ÏÂßÅËÔÁ (É ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ Ï ÅÇÏ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ).
            \item<2-> ëÏÓÍÏÌÏÇÉÑ: ÍÁÓÓÙ É Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÇÁÌÁËÔÉË.
            \item<3-> ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×.
            \item<3-> ðÏÉÓË ËÒÕÐÎÙÈ ÜËÚÏÐÌÁÎÅÔ.
            \item<4-> éÚÕÞÅÎÉÅ Ó×ÅÒÈÎÏ×ÙÈ.
        \end{itemize}
    \end{block}    
    \column{0.62\textwidth}
    \begin{pict}
            \only<1>{\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{HRDiagram}}
            \only<2>{\includegraphics[width=0.85\columnwidth]{hubble}}
            \only<3>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{exoplanet}}
            \only<4>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{supernova}}
    \end{pict}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÙ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\img[0.85]{Filter-optics-1}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}óÔÒ\"ÅÍÇÒÅÎ, 1960-Å ÇÇ.: ÛÉÒÏËÏÐÏÌÏÓÎÙÅ; ÓÒÅÄÎÅÐÏÌÏÓÎÙÅ É ÕÚËÏÐÏÌÏÓÎÙÅ ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ.
ëÒÉÔÅÒÉÊ "--- ÐÏÌÕÛÉÒÉÎÁ: ÛÉÒÏËÏÐÏÌÏÓÎÙÅ $>300\Ang$, ÕÚËÏÐÏÌÏÓÎÙÅ $<100\Ang$.
\end{block}\img[0.75]{interf_filterIR}}
\only<3>{\img[0.75]{bands}}
\end{frame}

\section{óÐÅËÔÒÏÓËÏÐÉÑ}
\begin{frame}{ïÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÓËÏÐÉÉ}\vspace*{-0.8em}
	\begin{columns}
		\column{0.4\textwidth}
		\begin{block}{}
			\begin{itemize}
				\item üË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÎÙÅ ÛÉÒÉÎÙ: ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ ÄÏ Ú×ÅÚÄ, ÉÈ ×ÏÚÒÁÓÔ,
					ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ÐÏÔÅÒÉ ÍÁÓÓ É ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ.
				\item óÐÅËÔÒÏÐÏÌÑÒÉÍÅÔÒÉÑ.
				\item<2-> ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÈÉÍÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÁ×Á Ú×ÅÚÄ.
				\item<3-> óÔÒÏÇÁÑ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÌÁÓÓÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ.
				\item<4-> ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×.
				\item<5-> ëÏÓÍÏÌÏÇÉÑ.
			\end{itemize}
		\end{block}

		\column{0.57\textwidth}
			\begin{pict}
				\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{equiv_width}}
				\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{solar_spectra}}
				\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=0.7\columnwidth]{SpectralLines}}
				\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{doppler}}
				\only<5>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{galaxy_doppler}}
			\end{pict}
	\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\section{õÞÅÔ ÛÕÍÏ× ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ×}
\begin{frame}{õÞÅÔ ÛÕÍÏ× ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ×}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}
çÌÕÂÏËÏÅ ÏÈÌÁÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÄÌÑ ÓÎÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÔÏËÁ. 
\end{block}
\img[0.55]{signaltonoisefigure2}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÏÐÉËÓÅÌØÎÁÑ ÎÅÏÄÎÏÒÏÄÎÏÓÔØ, ×ÉÎØÅÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, ÐÙÌØ "---
ËÁÌÉÂÒÏ×ËÁ ÎÁ <<ÐÌÏÓËÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ>>.\\
\textbf{äÒÏÂÏ×ÏÊ ÛÕÍ} $N_s=\sqrt{S}$ ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÅÎÅÎ ÐÒÉ ÍÁÌÙÈ ÉÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏÓÔÑÈ, ÌÉÂÏ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉÔØ
ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÀ, ÌÉÂÏ ÓÕÍÍÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÁÄÒÙ. ûÕÍ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ (ÓÕÍÍÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ËÁÄÒÙ).\\
$$SNR=PQ_et/\sqrt{(P+B)Q_et+Dt+N_R^2}$$
$P$~-- ÐÏÔÏË (ÆÏÔÏÎÏ× ÎÁ ÐÉËÓÅÌØ × ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ), $Q_e$~-- Ë×ÁÎÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ, $t$~-- ×ÒÅÍÑ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ,
$B$~-- ÆÏÎ, $D$~-- ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ ÔÏË, $N_r$~-- ÛÕÍ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ.
\end{block}
\img[0.9]{signaltonoisefigure1}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}
ûÕÍ ÓÂÒÏÓÁ $N_{reset}=\sqrt{kTC}/q$, $T$~-- ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÁ (ë), $C$~-- ÅÍËÏÓÔØ ÑÞÅÊËÉ (æ), 
$q$~-- ÎÁËÏÐÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÚÁÒÑÄ (ëÌ).\\
âÅÌÙÊ ÛÕÍ $N_{white}=\sqrt{4kT\nu R_{out}}\cdot A_{amp}/S_{amp}$,
$\nu$~-- ÞÁÓÔÏÔÁ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ (çÃ), $R_{out}$~-- ×ÙÈÏÄÎÏÅ ÓÏÐÒÏÔÉ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÕÓÉÌÉÔÅÌÑ (ïÍ),
$S$~-- ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÕÓÉÌÉÔÅÌÑ (÷/ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎ), $A$~-- ËÏÜÆÆÉÃÉÅÎÔ ÕÓÉÌÅÎÉÑ.\\
ôÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ ÔÏË: $D = 2.5\cdot10^{15} S I_d T^{1.5} \exp{-E_g/(2kT)}$,
$S$~-- ÐÌÏÝÁÄØ ÐÉËÓÅÌÑ (ÓÍ$^2$), $I_d$~-- ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÎÙÊ ÎÁ 300\,ë ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ ÔÏË (Îá/ÓÍ$^2$),
$E_g$~-- ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÎÏÊ ÚÏÎÙ (Ü÷).
\end{block}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ëÏÎ×ÅÊÅÒ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{enumerate}
\item ðÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÎÉÍËÁ ÏÂßÅËÔÁ ($O$) É ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ bias, dark É flat ($b_i$, $d_i$, $f_i$).
\item íÅÄÉÁÎÎÏÅ ÕÓÒÅÄÎÅÎÉÅ: $X=\med(x)$ \Arr $B$, $D$, $F$.
\item åÓÌÉ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ $D$ É $O$ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÀÔÓÑ, ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÍ <<master dark>>: $D_m=(D-B)/t_{exp}$.
\item õÄÁÌÅÎÉÅ ÛÕÍÏ×: $O_{clean}=O-D$, $F_{clean}=F-D$ (ÉÌÉ $X-B-D_m\cdot t_{exp}$).
\item îÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ $F_{clean}$: $F_{norm}=F_{clean}/F_{clean,max}$.
\item ëÏÒÒÅËÃÉÑ ÎÁ <<ÐÌÏÓËÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ>>: $O_{corr} = O_{clean}/F_{clean}$.
\end{enumerate}
äÌÑ ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÜËÓÔÒÁËÃÉÉ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁ ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÔÁËÖÅ ×ÙÐÏÌÎÉÔØ ÎÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ËÕ ÎÁ <<ÐÌÏÓËÉÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒ>>.
\end{block}
\end{frame}

% ÎÁÛ Ó ôÉÍÕÒÏÍ ÏÔÞÅÔ
\begin{frame}{ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉË ÎÏ×ÏÊ ðúó}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\begin{block}{}
\only<1>{\textbf{üÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÙÊ ÎÏÌØ} (bias). óÎÉÍËÉ bias ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÉÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÛÕÍÁ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ
(RON). äÌÑ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÑ ×ÌÉÑÎÉÑ ÄÅÆÅËÔÏ×, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍ ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔÉ:
$I_{diff}=I_1-I_2.$ ôÏÇÄÁ $\sigma{RON}=\sigma{I}/\sqrt{2}$.
}
\only<2>{\textbf{ìÉÎÅÊÎÏÓÔØ} ÐÏÌÕÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÉÚ ÌÉÎÅÊÎÏÊ ÁÐÐÒÏËÓÉÍÁÃÉÉ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ $I=\alpha t$ ÐÒÉ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÉ
<<ÐÌÏÓËÉÈ>> ÓÎÉÍËÏ× Ó ÒÁÚÎÏÊ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÅÊ.
}
\only<3>{\textbf{ëÏÜÆÆÉÃÉÅÎÔ ÕÓÉÌÅÎÉÑ} (gain) ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ, ÓËÏÌØËÏ ADU ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÏ ÎÁ ÏÄÉÎ ÆÏÔÏÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎ.
óÔÒÏÉÍ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔØ $\sigma^2_I(\mean{I})$ (ÄÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ ÉÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ × ËÁÄÒÅ ÏÔ ÅÅ ÓÒÅÄÎÅÇÏ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÑ).
ïÄÎÁËÏ, ÄÅÆÅËÔÙ ðúó ×ÎÅÓÕÔ ÎÅÔÏÞÎÏÓÔØ, ÎÁÄÅÖÎÅÊ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÑÔØ ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔÉ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ.\\
ðÕÓÔØ $I$ É $\sigma^2$~-- ÓÒÅÄÎÉÊ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ × ÐÉËÓÅÌÅ (ÐÏÓÌÅ ×ÙÞÉÔÁÎÉÑ <<ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÙÈ>>) É ÅÇÏ ÄÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ,
$R^2$, $\sigma^2_{ph}$ É $\sigma^2_{ff}=kI$~-- ÄÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÉ ÛÕÍÏ× ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ, ÄÒÏÂÏ×ÏÇÏ (ÆÏÔÏÎÎÏÇÏ) ÛÕÍÁ É
ÎÅÏÄÎÏÒÏÄÎÏÓÔØ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔÉ ÐÉËÓÅÌÅÊ ðúó. ôÏÇÄÁ ÏÂÝÉÊ ÛÕÍ:
$$\sigma^2=R^2+\sigma^2_{ph}+\sigma^2_{ff}=R^2+I+k^2I^2.$$
$$\sigma^2/g^2=R^2/g^2+I/g+k^2I^2/g^2\quad\text{ÉÌÉ}\quad
\sigma^2=R^2+gI+k^2I^2.$$
äÌÑ ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔÉ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ <<ÉÓÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÎÙÊ ÛÕÍ>> $\sigma^2=\dfrac{\Sum I_{diff}^2}{2(N-1)}$. ÷ÓÅ
×ÙÞÉÓÌÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÏ×ÏÄÉÍ × ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ÕÞÁÓÔËÁÈ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ (ÎÅ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÍÕ ËÁÄÒÕ) ÄÌÑ ÕÓÒÅÄÎÅÎÉÑ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÏ×.\\
ìÉÎÅÊÎÁÑ ÉÎÔÅÒÐÏÌÑÃÉÑ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÉÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÛÕÍÁ ÄÁÅÔ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÉÒÕÀÝÉÊ $g$.
}
\only<4>{\textbf{ôÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ ÔÏË} ÎÅÏÂÈÏÄÉÍÏ ÉÓÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔØ ÎÁ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔØ ÏÔ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ É 
ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ.}
\only<5>{\textbf{ë×ÁÎÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ} ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ × ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÎÙÈ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑÈ: ÍÏÎÏÈÒÏÍÁÔÏÒ É
ËÁÌÉÂÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÊ Ó×ÅÔÏÐÒÉÅÍÎÉË.}
\end{block}\vspace*{-0.8em}
\only<1>{\img[0.5]{bias_t}}
\only<2>{\img[0.5]{ccd_lin}}
\only<4>{\img[0.55]{dark_cur}}
\only<5>{\img[0.55]{apoqe}}
\end{frame}

\section{ëÏÄÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ}
\begin{frame}{ëÏÄÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÉ}
\begin{block}{FITS-ÆÏÒÍÁÔ}
FITS (ÁÎÇÌ. Flexible Image Transport System) "--- ÃÉÆÒÏ×ÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ ÆÁÊÌÏ×, ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÍÙÊ × ÎÁÕËÅ ÄÌÑ
ÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ, ÐÅÒÅÄÁÞÉ É ÒÅÄÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ É ÉÈ ÍÅÔÁÄÁÎÎÙÈ (ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÙÈ ÔÁÂÌÉÃ).\\
íÅÔÁÄÁÎÎÙÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÈÒÁÎÑÔÓÑ × ÕÄÏÂÏÞÉÔÁÅÍÏÍ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÅ ÆÏÒÍÁÔÁ ASCII.\\
ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÆÁÊÌ FITS ÉÍÅÅÔ ÏÄÉÎ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÚÁÇÏÌÏ×ËÏ×, ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÝÉÈ ASCII-ÓÔÒÏËÉ (ÆÉËÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÏÊ ÄÌÉÎÙ × 80
ÓÉÍ×ÏÌÏ×) ÉÚ ÐÁÒ ËÌÀÞ\slash ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ, ÐÅÒÅÍÅÖÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÂÌÏËÁÍÉ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ.
\end{block}\tiny
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
(blank)  &CROTAn   &EQUINOX  &NAXISn   &TBCOLn   &TUNITn\\
AUTHOR   &CRPIXn   &EXTEND   &OBJECT   &TDIMn    &TZEROn\\
BITPIX   &CRVALn   &EXTLEVEL &OBSERVER &TDISPn   &XTENSION\\
BLANK    &CTYPEn   &EXTNAME  &ORIGIN   &TELESCOP&\\
BLOCKED  &DATAMAX  &EXTVER   &PCOUNT   &TFIELDS&\\
BSCALE   &DATAMIN  &GCOUNT   &PSCALn   &TFORMn&\\
BUNIT    &DATE     &GROUPS   &PTYPEn   &THEAP&\\
BZERO    &DATE-OBS &HISTORY  &PZEROn   &TNULLn&\\
CDELTn   &END      &INSTRUME &REFERENC &TSCALn&\\
COMMENT  &EPOCH    &NAXIS    &SIMPLE   &TTYPEn&\\
\end{tabular}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{WCS-ÐÒÉ×ÑÚËÁ}\vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{ðÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ WCS}
\begin{description}
\item[CRVALi] ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ ÍÉÒÏ×ÙÈ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔ ÏÐÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÐÉËÓÅÌÑ
\item[CRPIXi] ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÙ ÏÐÏÒÎÏÇÏ ÐÉËÓÅÌÑ ÎÁ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÉ
\item[CDELTi] ÉÎËÒÅÍÅÎÔ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔ
\item[CTYPEi] ÔÉÐ ÍÁÔÒÉÃÙ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ
\item[CROTAi] ÕÇÏÌ ÐÏ×ÏÒÏÔÁ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔ
\item[PCij] ÎÅÍÁÓÛÔÁÂÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ÍÁÔÒÉÃÁ ÐÒÅÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÊ
\item[CDij] PC Ó ÍÁÓÛÔÁÂÏÍ
\item[Qi] $=\sum_{j=1}^N CD_{ij} (x_j - CRPIX_j)
= \sum_{j=1}^N CDELT_j \cdot PC_{ij} (x_j - CRPIX_j)$.
\end{description}
\end{block}
}
\only<2>{\img[0.55]{out}}
\only<3>{\img[0.55]{out_cat}}
\end{frame}


\if0
\begin{frame}{}
\begin{block}{}
\end{block}
\only<1>{\img{}}
\cols{\col{0.5}
\col{0.5}}
\end{frame}
\fi
\begin{frame}{óÐÁÓÉÂÏ ÚÁ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ!}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{5cm}
\begin{block}{mailto}
eddy@sao.ru\\
edward.emelianoff@gmail.com
\end{block}\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
\end{document}