lectures/AstroCrafts/for_scholars.tex

\documentclass[10pt,pdf,hyperref={unicode}]{beamer}
\hypersetup{pdfpagemode=FullScreen}
\usepackage{astrocrafts}

\title[ïÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ]{áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ÏÂÏÒÕÄÏ×ÁÎÉÅ}
\subtitle[]{ïÔ ÄÒÅ×ÎÏÓÔÉ É ÄÏ ÎÁÛÉÈ ÄÎÅÊ}
\date{22 ÉÀÎÑ 2016 ÇÏÄÁ}

\begin{document}
% ôÉÔÕÌ
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
\end{frame}
% óÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ
\begin{frame}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\section{áÒÈÅÏÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÑ}
\begin{frame}{áÒÈÅÏÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÑ}
\begin{defin}
\textbf{áÒÈÅÏÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÑ} "--- ÎÁÕËÁ, ÓÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×Á×ÛÁÑÓÑ ×Ï ×ÔÏÒÏÊ ÐÏÌÏ×ÉÎÅ XX ×ÅËÁ, ÐÒÅÄÍÅÔÏÍ 
ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÑ ËÏÔÏÒÏÊ ÓÌÕÖÁÔ ÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÒÅÄÓÔÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÌÀÄÅÊ ÄÒÅ×ÎÏÓÔÉ.
\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
	\begin{itemize}
	\item îÏÒÍÁÎ ìÏËØÅÒ <<úÁÒÑ ÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÉ>> (1894)
	\item ôÅÒÍÉÎ "--- 1973, üÌÉÚÁÂÅÔ âÜÊÔÉ
	\item ûÁÎÔÁÌØ öÅÇÅÓ-÷ÏÌØËÅ×ÉÞ É ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ
	\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\img[0.4]{Lascaux}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ðÅÝÅÒÁ ìÁÓË\'Ï (15-19 ÔÙÓ. ÌÅÔ ÎÁÚÁÄ)}
\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.95]{lascaux_cave}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{óÔÏÕÎÈÅÎÄÖ}
\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.87]{Stonehenge_render}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{èÒÁÍÙ ìÕËÓÏÒÁ É ëÁÒÎÁËÁ}
\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.55]{luxortemple}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ðÉÒÁÍÉÄÙ çÉÚÙ É ïÒÉÏÎ × 105\,×. ÄÏ Î.Ü.}
\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.8]{giza_orion}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.55]{pyramids_milky_way}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ðÒÅÃÅÓÓÉÑ ($T=25800\,$ÌÅÔ)}
\vspace*{-0.8em}\img[0.6]{Precession_N}
\small (2000) 365.2422 ÄÎÑ "--- ÔÒÏÐÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÇÏÄ, % 365.2424 "--- ÐÏ×ÔÏÒ ÒÁ×ÎÏÄÅÎÓÔ×ÉÊ,
365.2564 "--- ÓÉÄÅÒÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÇÏÄ. óÏÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÃÉËÌ "--- 1460 ÌÅÔ. 
\end{frame}

\section{éÓÔÏÒÉÞÅÓËÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ}
\begin{frame}{üÒÁÔÏÓÆÅÎ}
\img[0.45]{eratosp}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{çÎ\'ÏÍÏÎ (áÎÁËÓÉÍÁÎÄÒ íÉÌÅÔÓËÉÊ, 6× ÄÏ Î.Ü.)}
\img{sp_sq}
\small ïÂÅÌÉÓË ÐÌÏÝÁÄÉ Ó×.~ðÅÔÒÁ × ÷ÁÔÉËÁÎÅ ËÁË ÇÎÏÍÏÎ.
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{áÒÍÉÌÌÑÒÎÁÑ ÓÆÅÒÁ (üÒÁÔÏÓÆÅÎ?)}
\img[0.5]{Armillary_sphere}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{áÎÔÉËÉÔÅÒÓËÉÊ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍ}
\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.75]{Anticythere_1}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\img[0.5]{Antikythera_2007}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{üË×ÁÔÏÒÉÁÌØÎÏÅ ËÏÌØÃÏ (çÉÐÐÁÒÈ)}
ïÔËÒÙÔÉÅ ÐÒÅÄ×ÁÒÅÎÉÊ ÒÁ×ÎÏÄÅÎÓÔ×ÉÊ (áÒÉÓÔÁÒÈ óÁÍÏÓÓËÉÊ?). $1^\circ$ × ÓÔÏÌÅÔÉÅ (ÒÅÁÌØÎÏ~-- ÚÁ 72 
ÇÏÄÁ). ú×ÅÚÄÎÙÊ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ. ú×ÅÚÄÎÙÅ ×ÅÌÉÞÉÎÙ.
\img[0.5]{Equatorial_ring}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{áÓÔÒÏÌÑÂÉÑ}
\img[0.7]{Astrolabe-Persian-18C}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ôÒÉË×\'ÅÔÒÕÍ}
\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.85]{triquetrum}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ë×ÁÄÒÁÎÔ, ÓÅËÓÔÁÎÔ}
\vspace*{-0.7em}\img[0.6]{Sextant_Ulug}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\vspace*{-0.7em}\img[0.95]{Stark-quadrant}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ôÏÒË×\'ÅÔÕÍ}
\vspace*{-0.8em}\img[0.5]{Torquetum}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{<<ðÏÓÌÙ>> çÁÎÓÁ çÏÌØÂÅÊÎÁ íÌÁÄÛÅÇÏ (1533)}
\vspace*{-2em}
\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\img{Ambassadors}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\small
\begin{block}{ðÒÅÄÍÅÔÙ}
\begin{itemize}
\item Ú×ÅÚÄÎÙÊ ÇÌÏÂÕÓ
\item ÍÅÓÔÎÙÅ ÓÏÌÎÅÞÎÙÅ ÞÁÓÙ
\item ÕÎÉ×ÅÒÓÁÌØÎÙÅ ÍÏÒÓËÉÅ ÞÁÓÙ
\item Ë×ÁÄÒÁÎÔ
\item ÍÎÏÇÏÇÒÁÎÎÙÅ ÞÁÓÙ
\item ÔÏÒË×ÅÔÕÍ
\item ÇÌÏÂÕÓ
\item ÁÒÉÆÍÅÔÉËÁ ðÅÔÅÒÁ áÐÉÁÎÁ
\item ÌÀÔÎÑ
\item ÐÓÁÌÍÙ (ÎÏÔÙ)
\item ÁÎÁÍÏÒÆÎÙÊ ÞÅÒÅÐ
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}


\section{ðÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\subsection{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{defin}
\textbf{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒ} "--- ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÏÂßÅËÔÉ×Á ×ÙÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ ÌÉÎÚÁ ÉÌÉ 
ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ÌÉÎÚ. çÁÌÉÌÅÏ çÁÌÉÌÅÊ, 1609~Ç.
\end{defin}
\img[0.7]{galileo_telescope}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{èÒÉÓÔÉÁÎ çÀÊÇÅÎÓ}
\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\img[0.8]{Huygens_broths_scope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
1655 "--- ËÏÌØÃÁ óÁÔÕÒÎÁ, ôÉÔÁÎ;\\
1657 "--- ÍÁÑÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÅ ÞÁÓÙ;\\
1659 "--- ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔØ ïÒÉÏÎÁ;\\
1675 "--- ÞÁÓÏ×ÁÑ ÓÐÉÒÁÌØ.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\subsection{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\img{NewtonsTelescopeReplica}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{defin}
\textbf{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒ} "--- ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ, × ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ × ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Å ÏÂßÅËÔÉ×Á ×ÙÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ. 
éÓÁÁË îØÀÔÏÎ, 1668.
\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
1663 "--- ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ çÒÅÇÏÒÉ.\\
1672 "--- ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ ëÁÓÓÅÇÒÅÎÁ.\\
1721 "--- ÒÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒ èÜÄÌÉ ÎÁ ÁÌØÔ-ÁÚÉÍÕÔÁÌØÎÏÊ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÅ.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{õÉÌØÑÍ çÅÒÛÅÌØ, 1785}
\img[0.66]{early-herschel-40ft}
\end{frame}

\section{íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÉ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\subsection{üË×ÁÔÏÒÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ}
\begin{frame}{üË×ÁÔÏÒÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}\img[0.9]{fraunh_tel}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{1824, êÏÚÅÆ ÆÏÎ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒ}
ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÉ ôÁÒÔÕ. çÅÒÍÁÎÓËÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ.

÷ 1853 Ç. àÓÔÕÓ ÆÏÎ ìÉÂÉÈ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌ ÍÅÔÏÄ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÔÁÌÌÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÅÒÅÂÒÁ ÉÚ ÒÁÓÔ×ÏÒÁ 
ÎÉÔÒÁÔÁ ÓÅÒÅÂÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÁÌÀÍÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÓÔÅËÌÁ. ÷ 1856-57~ÇÇ. ëÁÒÌ á×ÇÕÓÔ ÆÏÎ ûÔÁÊÎÈÅÊÌØ É ìÅÏÎ æÕËÏ 
(ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏ) ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÍÅÔÏÄ.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}
\img{100_inch_Hooker_Telescope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ èÕËÅÒÁ}
100 ÄÀÊÍÏ×, 1917~Ç. áÎÇÌÉÊÓËÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ <<Ó ÑÒÍÏÍ>>.
ïÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÑ íÁÕÎÔ ÷ÉÌÓÏÎ.
ëÒÕÐÎÅÊÛÉÊ ÄÏ 1949~Ç.

÷ 1935~Ç. ÓÅÒÅÂÒÑÎÏÅ ÐÏËÒÙÔÉÅ ÓÍÅÎÅÎÏ ÁÌÀÍÉÎÉÅ×ÙÍ (äÖÏÎ äÏÎÁ×ÁÎ 
óÔÒÏÎÇ, ËÁÌÔÅÈ, 1932~Ç.).\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}
\img{zeiss}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Zeiss-1000, éÔÁÌÉÑ}îÅÍÅÃËÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ Ó ÆÏËÕÓÏÍ ëÕÄÅ.\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ èÅÊÌÁ}
200 ÄÀÊÍÏ×, 1949~Ç. ðÒÑÍÏÊ ÆÏËÕÓ, ëÕÄÅ É îÅÓÍÉÔ.

ðÅÒ×ÙÊ ÇÉÄÒÁ×ÌÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÐÏÄÛÉÐÎÉË. ðÉÒÅËÓÏ×ÏÅ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ (14.5~ÔÏÎÎ).
ðÅÒ×ÁÑ × ÍÉÒÅ ÔÒÕÂÁ óÅÒÒÀÒØÅÒÁ. 

ðÏÌÑÒÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ <<ÓÅÄÌÏ>>.
\end{block}
\img[0.7]{hale-telescope}
\end{frame}

{\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=blue,fg=cyan!70!white}
\begin{frame}{ôÒÕÂÁ óÅÒÒÀÒØÅÒÁ}
\img{Serrurier_truss}
\end{frame}
}

\subsection{áÌØÔ-ÁÚÉÍÕÔÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ}
\begin{frame}{áÌØÔ-ÁÚÉÍÕÔÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ}
\img[0.9]{bta_telescope}
\end{frame}

\section{áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ}
\begin{frame}{áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ}
\begin{defin}\textbf{áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ} "--- ÒÁÚÄÅÌ ÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÉ, ÔÅÓÎÏ ÐÅÒÅÐÌÅÔÅÎÎÙÊ Ó ÈÉÍÉÅÊ É ÆÉÚÉËÏÊ. 
<<It seeks to ascertain the nature of the heavenly bodies, rather than their positions or motions 
in space~--- what they are, rather than where they are>> (1897, äÖÅÊÍÓ ëÉÌÅÒ).
\vspace{1em}

ïÓÎÏ×ÏÐÏÌÏÖÎÉËÉ "--- ÷ÉÌØÑÍ èÁÊÄ ÷ÏÌÌÁÓÔÏÎ É êÏÚÅÆ ÆÏÎ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒ. 

óÁÍ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ <<ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ>> ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎ éÏÇÁÎÎÏÍ ëÁÒÌÏÍ æÒÉÄÒÉÈÏÍ ã\"eÌÌØÎÅÒÏÍ (ÉÚ×ÅÓÔÅÎ ÐÏ ÔÏÞÎÏÊ 
ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ) × 1865~Ç. 

áÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ ÄÅÌÉÔÓÑ ÎÁ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔÅÌØÎÕÀ É ÔÅÏÒÅÔÉÞÅÓËÕÀ, ÎÁÈÏÄÑÝÉÅÓÑ × ÔÅÓÎÏÊ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÓ×ÑÚÉ.
\end{defin}
\end{frame}

\subsection{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\begin{frame}{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{block}{æÏÔÏÍÅÔÒ ã\"ÅÌÌØÎÅÒÁ}
1861~Ç. "--- ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒ Ó ÜÔÁÌÏÎÎÙÍ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÏÍ. çÁÚÏ×ÁÑ ÇÏÒÅÌËÁ, ÐÒÉÚÍÙ ÷ÏÌÌÁÓÔÏÎÁ, 
ÐÌÏÓËÏÐÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÁÑ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÁ.
\end{block}
\img{zollner_photometer}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{ïÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ}
	\begin{columns}
		\column{0.5\textwidth}
		\begin{block}{}
			\begin{itemize}
				\item áÓÔÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ.
				\item ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ Ó×ÅÔÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÂßÅËÔÁ.
				\item ëÌÁÓÓÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ ÏÂßÅËÔÁ (É ÐÒÅÄÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ Ï ÅÇÏ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×ÁÈ).
				\item<2-> ëÏÓÍÏÌÏÇÉÑ: ÏÔÏÖÄÅÓÔ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÇÁÌÁËÔÉË.
				\item<3-> ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÏ× ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×.
				\item<3-> ðÏÉÓË ËÒÕÐÎÙÈ ÜËÚÏÐÌÁÎÅÔ.
				\item<4-> éÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÊ (ÃÅÆÅÉÄÙ, Ó×ÅÒÈÎÏ×ÙÅ).
			\end{itemize}
		\end{block}
		
		\column{0.5\textwidth}
			\begin{pict}\vbox to 0pt{\vspace*{-0.35\textheight}
				\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{HRDiagram}}
				\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{hubble}}
				\only<3>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{exoplanet}}
				\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{supernova}}
				}
			\end{pict}
	\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{æÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ}\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{block}{}
÷ 1822~Ç. îÉÓÅÆÏÒ îØÅÐÓ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÌ ÇÅÌÉÏÇÒÁÆÉÀ.
ìÕÉ äÁÇÅÒ × 1837~Ç. ÒÁÚÒÁÂÏÔÁÌ ÄÁÇÅÒÏÔÉÐÉÀ. 
1840~Ç äÖÏÎ õÉÌØÑÍ äÒÜÐÅÒ (ÏÔÅà çÅÎÒÉ äÒÜÐÅÒÁ) "--- ÐÅÒ×ÏÅ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÏÔÏ ìÕÎÙ.
\end{block}
\img[0.6]{Henry_Draper}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}\vspace*{-1em}
\img[0.75]{Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common}
\vspace*{-1.5em}\centering\begin{minipage}{0.7\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
üÎÄÒÀ üÊÎÓÌÉ ëÁÍÜÎ (Andrew Ainslie Common), 1883~Ç. "--- ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔØ ïÒÉÏÎÁ. 
\end{block}\end{minipage}
\end{frame}

{\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=blue,fg=cyan!70!white}
\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\img{Bolometer_conceptual_schematic}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
1878~Ç. óÜÍÀÜÌØ ìÜÎÇÌÉ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÌ ÂÏÌÏÍÅÔÒ: Ä×Å ÐÌÁÔÉÎÏ×ÙÅ ÐÏÌÏÓËÉ, ÚÁÞÅÒÎÅÎÎÙÅ ÌÁÍÐÏ×ÏÊ ÓÁÖÅÊ, 
×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏ ÓÈÅÍÅ ÍÏÓÔÁ õÉÔÓÏÎÁ É ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ Ë ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÇÁÌØ×ÁÎÏÍÅÔÒÕ.

âÏÌÏÍÅÔÒ ìÜÎÇÌÉ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×Ï×ÁÌ ËÏÒÏ×Õ ÚÁ ÍÉÌÀ! 

òÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÁ ÄÏ éë.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}}

{\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=blue,fg=cyan!70!white}
\subsection{óÐÅËÔÒÏÓËÏÐÉÑ}
\begin{frame}{óÐÅËÔÒÏÓËÏÐÉÑ}
\begin{block}{úÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÁ}
îÁÚÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÓÖÁÔÁ × ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÏÍ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ ÚÅÍÎÏÊ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÏÊ.
\end{block}
\img{Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity}
\end{frame}}

\begin{frame}
	\frametitle{ïÂÌÁÓÔØ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÓËÏÐÉÉ}
	\begin{columns}
		\column{0.4\textwidth}
		\begin{block}{}
			\begin{itemize}
				\item üË×É×ÁÌÅÎÔÎÙÅ ÛÉÒÉÎÙ: ÓËÏÒÏÓÔØ ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÑ, ÓÐÅËÔÒÏÐÏÌÑÒÉÍÅÔÒÉÑ,
				\onslide<2->{ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÈÉÍÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÏÓÔÁ×Á Ú×ÅÚÄ.}
				\item<3-> óÔÒÏÇÁÑ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÌÁÓÓÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ×ÏÚÒÁÓÔÁ ÓËÏÐÌÅÎÉÊ.
				\item<4-> ïÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×.
				\item<5-> ëÏÓÍÏÌÏÇÉÑ.
			\end{itemize}
		\end{block}

		\column{0.6\textwidth}
			\begin{pict}\vbox to 0pt{\vspace*{-0.3\textheight}
				\only<1>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{equiv_width}}
				\only<2>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{solar_spectra}}
				\only<3>{\vspace*{-0.1\textheight}
					\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{SpectralLines}}
				\only<4>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{doppler}}
				\only<5>{\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{galaxy_doppler}}
				}
			\end{pict}
	\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{êÏÚÅÆ ÆÏÎ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒ}
\img[0.8]{Fraunhofer_spectroscope}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\begin{block}{}
÷ 1860~Ç. çÕÓÔÁ× ëÉÒÈÇÏÆÆ É òÏÂÅÒÔ âÕÎÚÅÎ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÉ, ÞÔÏ ÍÎÏÇÉÍ ÔÅÍÎÙÍ ÆÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÏ×ÙÍ ÌÉÎÉÑÍ 
ÓÏÏÔ×ÅÔÓ×ÕÀÔ Ó×ÅÔÌÙÅ ÌÉÎÉÉ ÓÐÅËÔÒÏ× ÓÖÉÇÁÅÍÙÈ ÍÅÔÁÌÌÏ×. ëÉÒÈÇÏÆÆ ÏÂßÑÓÎÉÌ ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÅ 
ÆÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÏ×ÙÈ ÌÉÎÉÊ ÐÏÇÌÏÝÅÎÉÅÍ Ó×ÅÔÁ × ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÅ óÏÌÎÃÁ.

÷ 1868~Ç. îÏÒÍÁÎ ìÏËØÅÒ (ÐÉÏÎÅÒ ÁÒÈÅÏÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÉ) É ðØÅÒ öÁÎÓÅÎ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÉÌÉ ÇÅÌÉÊ. 

óÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÙÅ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÑ Ó ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÎÉÅÍ ÐÒÉÚÍÙ ÐÒÏ×ÏÄÉÌ ÅÝÅ éÓÁÁË îØÀÔÏÎ × 1666--1672~ÇÇ., ÏÎ É 
ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌ ÔÅÒÍÉÎ <<ÓÐÅËÔÒ>>.

ðÒÉÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÏÇÏ ÁÎÁÌÉÚÁ Ë Ú×ÅÚÄÁÍ ÎÁÞÁÔÏ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÍÉ áÎÄÖÅÌÏ óÅËËÉ (×ÁÔÉËÁÎÓËÁÑ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÑ) 
É õÉÌØÑÍÁ èÁÇÇÉÎÓÁ (ÞÁÓÔÎÁÑ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÑ × áÎÇÌÉÉ) × 1863~Ç. óÅËËÉ ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÄÏËÁÚÁÌ, ÞÔÏ óÏÌÎÃÅ "--- 
Ú×ÅÚÄÁ, ÐÅÒ×ÙÍ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÕÀ ËÌÁÓÓÉÆÉËÁÃÉÀ (4 ËÌÁÓÓÁ).
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{çÅÎÒÉ äÒÜÐÅÒ}
\begin{block}{}
1872, ÐÅÒ×ÙÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒ ÷ÅÇÉ ÎÁ ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÅ. ó 1918 ÐÏ 1924~Ç. ×ÙÛÅÌ ËÁÔÁÌÏÇ HD × ÞÅÓÔØ äÒÜÐÅÒÁ 
(ÉÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ 225300 Ú×ÅÚÄ, üÄ×ÁÒÄ ðÉËÅÒÉÎÇ ÓÏÔÏ×ÁÒÉÝÉ, ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÑ × ÇÁÒ×ÁÒÄÓËÏÊ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÉ Ó 
ÏÂßÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÊ ÐÒÉÚÍÏÊ).
\end{block}
\img{Drapers_spectra}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{âÅÓÝÅÌÅ×ÙÅ ÓÐÅËÔÒÙ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}
îÉËÏÌÁÓ íÅÊÏÌ, 1930-Å.
\end{block}
\img{slitless_schematic}}
\only<2>{\img{slitless}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÒÅÛÅÔËÁ}
\begin{block}{}
óÅÒÅÄÉÎÁ 18 ×ÅËÁ, äÖÅÊÍÓ çÒÅÇÏÒÉ "--- ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ÄÉÆÒÁËÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ÒÅÛÅÔËÉ.

1785, äÜ×ÉÄ òÉÔÔÅÎÈÁÕÓ (æÉÌÁÄÅÌØÆÉÑ) "--- ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ ÄÉÆÒÁËÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÒÅÛÅÔËÁ (ÐÏÞÔÉ 4 ÌÉÎÉÉ ÎÁ ÍÍ).
áÎÁÌÏÇ "--- êÏÚÅÆ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒ, 1821~Ç.

îÁÒÅÚÎÙÅ ÒÅÛÅÔËÉ.  ðÒÅÄÅÌ "--- ÏËÏÌÏ 4.7/ÍÍ (1899, çÅÎÒÉ äÖÏÚÅÆ çÒÅÊÓÏÎ).
\end{block}
\img[0.5]{Blazed_grating}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ É ÄÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ}
\img[0.4]{Comparison_refraction_diffraction_spectra}
\end{frame}



\begin{frame}{óÐÅËÔÒÏÇÒÁÆ}
\img[0.89]{spectrograph}
\end{frame}

\section{îÁÚÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ}
\subsection{âÏÌØÛÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ}
\begin{frame}{âÏÌØÛÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\img{KeckTel}}
\only<2>{\img{gtc_cleaning}}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ ëÅËÁ}
1993 "--- ëÅË-1 (íÁÕÎÁ ëÅÁ), 10~Í, 36 ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÏ× ÉÚ ÃÅÒÏÄÕÒÁ, ÐÌÏÝÁÄØ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔÉ 
$75.76\,$Í${}^2$ "--- ËÒÕÐÎÅÊÛÉÅ × ÍÉÒÅ!
\end{block}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{âÏÌØÛÏÊ ëÁÎÁÒÓËÉÊ}
2007 (2009), ÌÁ ðÁÌØÍÁ, 10.4~Í, 36 ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÏ× ÉÚ ÃÅÒÏÄÕÒÁ, ÐÌÏÝÁÄØ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÊ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔÉ 
$74.14\,$Í${}^2$.
\end{block}}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\img[0.85]{optelcomp}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{úÁÞÅÍ ÔÁËÉÅ ÂÏÌØÛÉÅ?}
\begin{block}{úÁÄÁÞÉ, ÔÒÅÂÕÀÝÉÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÑ ÇÉÇÁÎÔÓËÉÈ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\begin{itemize}
\item   ÐÒÏÉÓÈÏÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÷ÓÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ;
\item   ÍÅÈÁÎÉÚÍÙ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ É Ü×ÏÌÀÃÉÉ Ú×ÅÚÄ, ÇÁÌÁËÔÉË É ÐÌÁÎÅÔÎÙÈ ÓÉÓÔÅÍ;
\item   ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ×Á ÍÁÔÅÒÉÉ × ÜËÓÔÒÅÍÁÌØÎÙÈ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑÈ;
\item   ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÁÓÐÅËÔÙ ÚÁÒÏÖÄÅÎÉÑ É ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÎÉÑ ÖÉÚÎÉ ×Ï ÷ÓÅÌÅÎÎÏÊ.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\subsection{äÅÔÅËÔÏÒÙ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ}

\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\img{ccdintro}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ðúó}
1969, õÉÌÌÁÒÄ âÏÊÌ É äÖÏÒÄÖ óÍÉÔ, ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÉÉ âÅÌÌÁ.

1975 "--- ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ ðúó 100x100 (Steven Sasson, Kodak).

1976 "--- ÚÁÐÕÓË ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÁ--ÛÐÉÏÎÁ Ó ðúó 800x800.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\img{SDSSFaceplate}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
óÌÏÁÎÏ×ÓËÉÊ ÏÂÚÏÒ SDSS, 30 ðúó 2048x2048 × ÓËÁÎÉÒÕÀÝÅÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}


\section{ëÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ}
\begin{frame}{ëÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}
\img{Hipparcos-testing-estec}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
1989, Hipparcos "--- High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite.

1mas. ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ Hipparcos É Tycho.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\vspace*{-1em}
\img[0.6]{HST-SM4}\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ÉÍ.~èÁÂÂÌÁ}
2.4~Í ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ. 

1978 "--- ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÏÅ ÆÉÎÁÎÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, 36~ÍÌÎ.ÄÌÒ.

1986 "--- ÏÂÝÉÊ ÂÀÄÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÅËÔÁ ×ÙÒÏÓ ÄÏ 1.175~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ.

25 ÁÐÒÅÌÑ 1990~Ç. "--- 2.5~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ.

1999 "--- ÏËÏÌÏ 6~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ. + 593~ÍÌÎ.Å×Ò. ÏÔ åëá.

þÅÔÙÒÅ ÜËÓÐÅÄÉÃÉÉ.
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\img{Hubble_Probes_the_Early_Universe}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
\only<1>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-2em}
\img{Kepler_Space_Telescope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ}
2009, ÐÏÉÓË ÜËÚÏÐÌÁÎÅÔ. 0.95~Í ÁÐÅÒÔÕÒÁ, ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ 1.4~Í.

42 ðúó 2200x1024.

$\sim0.5$~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ.
\end{block}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\img[0.85]{Kepler_CCD_matrix}}
\end{frame}

\section{óÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÅ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ}
\subsection{áËÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\begin{frame}{áËÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\only<1>{\img{VLT-active}}
\only<2>{\img{GTC_Active_Optics_Acutators}}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\only<1>{\begin{block}{VLT}
VLT: 150 ÁËÔÕÁÔÏÒÏ× ÎÁ ÚÅÒËÁÌÅ, ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÑÅÍÏÅ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÅ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ. 1 ÓÅÔ "--- 30 ÓÅËÕÎÄ (ÄÌÑ 
ÉÚÂÁ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÏÔ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÎÙÈ ÜÆÆÅËÔÏ×). ÷ ÓÌÕÞÁÅ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÑ ÏÐÏÒÎÏÊ Ú×ÅÚÄÙ × ËÁÄÒÅ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÙ ×ÙÞÉÓÌÑÀÔÓÑ 
ÐÏ ÍÏÄÅÌÉ (ÕÞÉÔÙ×ÁÀÝÅÊ ÎÁËÌÏÎ ÏÓÉ É ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ).\end{block}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{GTC}
úÅÒËÁÌÏ "--- 17Ô. 
\end{block}}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\subsection{óÐÅËÌ--ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\begin{frame}{óÐÅËÌ--ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\only<1>{\img{speckles}}
\only<2>{\img[0.6]{WR_speckle_restored}}
\end{frame}

\subsection{áÄÁÐÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\begin{frame}{áÄÁÐÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\only<1>{\vspace*{-1em}\begin{block}{}
$30\div60\,$mas. éÓËÕÓÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ Ú×ÅÚÄÙ: Ú×ÅÚÄÙ òÜÌÅÑ (ÂÌÉÖÎÉÊ éë, $15\div25$~ËÍ) É 
ÎÁÔÒÉÅ×ÙÅ ($80\div100$~ËÍ, 589~ÎÍ).
\end{block}\vspace*{-1em}
\img{cfht_adaptive_optics}}
\only<2>{\img{wavefront_SHA}}
\only<3>{\img[0.85]{VLT_artif_star}}
\end{frame}

\subsection{Lucky-imaging, Superresolution}
\begin{frame}{Lucky-imaging, Superresolution}
\smimg[0.33]{Lucky_Single_Exposure_Strehl_16Percent}\hfil
\smimg[0.33]{Lucky_sum_all}\hfil
\smimg[0.33]{Lucky_best_1percent_averaging}
\begin{block}{}
ëÕÂ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Ó ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÑÍÉ $10\div50\,$ÍÓ.

óÏ×ÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÓÎÉÍËÏ× Ó ÎÁÉÍÅÎØÛÉÍ ÞÉÓÌÏÍ ûÔÒÅÌÑ.

õÓÒÅÄÎÅÎÉÅ.

éÔÏÇ: ÂÙÌÏ 900\,mas, ÓÔÁÌÏ 40!

äÌÑ ÍÁÌÙÈ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ× ($<r_0$) ÜÔÏ Superresolution.
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{óÐÁÓÉÂÏ ÚÁ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ!}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{5cm}
\begin{block}{mailto}
eddy@sao.ru\\
edward.emelianoff@gmail.com
\end{block}\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
\end{document}