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\usepackage{lect}

\title{æÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÓÎÏ×Ù ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÉ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ}
\date{21 ÍÁÒÔÁ 2018 ÇÏÄÁ}

\begin{document}
% ôÉÔÕÌ
\bgroup\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=black}
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
\end{frame}\egroup\logo{}
% óÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ
\begin{frame}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}

\section{þÅÌÏ×ÅÞÅÓËÉÊ ÇÌÁÚ}
\begin{frame}{þÅÌÏ×ÅÞÅÓËÉÊ ÇÌÁÚ}
\cols{\col{0.5}\centerline{\graph[0.5]{galileo_planets}~~\graph[0.38]{Dunhuang_star}}
\begin{block}{çÌÁÚ}
\begin{itemize}
\item íÁÌÅÎØËÁÑ ÁÐÅÒÔÕÒÁ ($\le8\,$ÍÍ)
\item îÉÚËÁÑ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ
\item îÉÚËÏÅ ÕÇÌÏ×ÏÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ ($>16''$, ÞÁÝÅ $1'$)
\item õÚËÉÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÙÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ
\item îÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÎÁËÏÐÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ
\item íÁÌÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ ÑÓÎÏÇÏ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ
\item ã×ÅÔÏÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÐÒÉ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÉÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏÓÔÑÈ
\end{itemize}
\end{block}\col{0.5}
\img[0.8]{humaneye}\vspace{-1.5em}
\img[0.5]{galileojupiter}
}\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}\cols{\col{0.6}
\begin{block}{}
äÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ: $400\div750\,$ÎÍ (ÎÉÚËÁÑ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ × õæ ÉÚ-ÚÁ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ ÈÒÕÓÔÁÌÉËÁ, ÚÁÝÉÝÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÓÅÔÞÁÔËÕ).\\
÷ÙÓÏËÏÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÐÁÌÏÞËÉ É ÍÅÎÅÅ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ËÏÌÂÏÞËÉ.\\
$100\div200$ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ× ($\lambda=510\div525\,$ÎÍ) × ÓÅËÕÎÄÕ ÄÌÑ ÐÁÌÏÞÅË!\\
äÁÌØÔÏÎÉÚÍ "--- ÓÈÏÖÅÓÔØ ÉÌÉ ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ Ó×ÅÔÏÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÙÈ ÂÅÌËÏ×.\\
ôÒ£ÈÓÏÓÔÁ×ÎÕÀ ÔÅÏÒÉÀ Ã×ÅÔÏ×ÏÇÏ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ×ÙÓËÁÚÁÌ × 1756 ÇÏÄÕ í.÷.\,ìÏÍÏÎÏÓÏ×. ðÁÒÁÌÌÅÌØÎÏ ÓÕÝÅÓÔ×Ï×ÁÌÁ ÏÐÐÏÎÅÎÔÎÁÑ ÔÅÏÒÉÑ Ã×ÅÔÁ ü×ÁÌØÄÁ çÅÒÉÎÇÁ (ÅÅ ÒÁÚ×ÉÌÉ äÜ×ÉÄ èØÀÂÅÌ É ôÏÒÓÔÅÎ ÷ÉÚÅÌ "--- ÎÏÂÅÌÅ×ÓËÁÑ ÐÒÅÍÉÑ 1981\,Ç): × ÍÏÚÇ ÐÏÓÔÕÐÁÅÔ ÉÎÆÏÒÍÁÃÉÑ Ï ÒÁÚÎÉÃÅ ÑÒËÏÓÔÉ (white-black, G-R, B-Y, Y=R+G).\\
âÉÎÏËÕÌÑÒÎÏÅ ÚÒÅÎÉÅ "--- ÏÃÅÎËÁ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ É ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏ×.
\end{block}\col{0.4}\img{Spectre_absorption_des_cones}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
	\img{M51}úÁÒÉÓÏ×ËÉ í51: Á) äÖÏÎ çÅÒÛÅÌØ, 1833; b) É c) õÉÌØÑÍ ðÁÒÓÏÎÓ (ÔÒÅÔÉÊ ÇÒÁÆ 
	òÏÓÓ); d) ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ (Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope).
\end{frame}

\section{ôÉÐÙ ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ× É ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÙ}
\begin{frame}{}
\begin{block}{òÅÇÉÓÔÒÉÒÕÅÍÙÅ ÆÏÒÍÙ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ}
\begin{itemize}
\item üÌÅËÔÒÏÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÏÅ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ (ÏÔ ÇÁÍÍÁ-- ÄÏ ÒÁÄÉÏ×ÏÌÎ).
\item ëÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÌÕÞÉ (ÓÕÂÁÔÏÍÎÙÅ ÚÁÒÑÖÅÎÎÙÅ ÞÁÓÔÉÃÙ ×ÙÓÏËÉÈ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÊ).
\item îÅÊÔÒÉÎÏ.
\item çÒÁ×ÉÔÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÅ ×ÏÌÎÙ.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\begin{block}{äÅÔÅËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ}
\begin{itemize}
\item óÏÂÙÔÉÑ (ÆÏÔÏÎÙ, ÞÁÓÔÉÃÙ) "--- ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÙ ÞÁÓÔÉÃ, ÓÞÅÔÞÉËÉ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ×
\item óÏÚÄÁ×ÁÅÍÏÅ ÔÅÐÌÏ "--- ÂÏÌÏÍÅÔÒÙ
\item ÷ÏÌÎÏ×ÙÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ "--- ÒÁÄÉÏÍÅÔÒÙ
\item üÎÅÒÇÉÑ "--- ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÉ, ðúó É Ô.Ä.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\begin{block}{éÚÍÅÒÑÅÍÙÅ ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒÙ}
\begin{itemize}
\item îÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ É ×ÒÅÍÑ ÐÒÉÂÙÔÉÑ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ.
\item éÎÔÅÎÓÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ ÎÁ ÒÁÚÎÙÈ ÄÌÉÎÁÈ ×ÏÌÎ.
\item óÔÅÐÅÎØ ÐÏÌÑÒÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ.
\item æÁÚÏ×ÙÅ ÓÄ×ÉÇÉ ÍÅÖÄÕ ×ÏÌÎÁÍÉ.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{üÌÅËÔÒÏÍÁÇÎÉÔÎÙÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒ}
\img{EM_Spectrum}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{éÓÔÏÞÎÉËÉ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ}
\small
\begin{tabular}{|p{1.5cm}|c|c|p{4cm}|p{2cm}|}
\hline
\bf äÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ & \bf $\pmb\lambda$, ÎÍ & \bf $\pmb{T}$, K &\bf ôÅÐÌÏ×ÙÅ
ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÉ &\bf îÅÔÅÐÌÏ×ÙÅ \\ \hline
çÁÍÍÁ & $<0.01$ & $>10^8$ & ôÅÒÍÏÑÄÅÒÎÙÊ ÓÉÎÔÅÚ & ppI, IC, DR\\
òÅÎÔÇÅÎ & $0.01$--$20$ & $10^6$--$10^8$& çÁÚ × ÓËÏÐÌÅÎÉÑÈ ÇÁÌÁËÔÉË, ÏÓÔÁÔËÉ Ó×ÅÒÈÎÏ×ÙÈ, ÓÏÌÎÅÞÎÁÑ
ËÏÒÏÎÁ & IC, SR\\
õæ & $20$--$400$& $10^5$--$10^6$& ïÓÔÁÔËÉ Ó×ÅÒÈÎÏ×ÙÈ, ÇÏÒÑÞÉÅ Ú×ÅÚÄÙ& SR\\
÷ÉÄÉÍÙÊ& $400$--$700$& $10^4$--$10^5$& ú×ÅÚÄÎÙÅ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÙ, ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÉ& SR\\
éë & $700$--$10^6$& $10$--$10^3$& èÏÌÏÄÎÙÅ ÏÂÌÁËÁ ÇÁÚÁ É ÐÙÌÉ, ÐÌÁÎÅÔÙ, ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÉ& SR\\
òÁÄÉÏ& $>10^6$ & $<10$& ôÅÍÎÙÅ ÐÙÌÅ×ÙÅ ÏÂÌÁËÁ& SR\\
\hline
\end{tabular}

ppI~-- ÐÒÏÔÏÎ-ÐÒÏÔÏÎÎÙÅ ÓÔÏÌËÎÏ×ÅÎÉÑ, IC~-- ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ ËÏÍÐÔÏÎÏ×ÓËÏÅ ÒÁÓÓÅÑÎÉÅ, DR~-- ÔÏÒÍÏÚÎÏÅ
ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ, SR~-- ÓÉÎÈÒÏÔÒÏÎÎÏÅ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{áÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÎÏÅ ÐÒÏÐÕÓËÁÎÉÅ}
\only<1>{\img{atm_trans}}
%\only<2>{\img{MWA-Observatories}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{éÎÆÒÁËÒÁÓÎÙÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ}
\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.6}\begin{block}{}
1800~--- ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÅ éë ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ õÉÌØÑÍÏÍ çÅÒÛÅÌÅÍ.

1838~--- ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÌÎÅÞÎÏÊ ÐÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏÊ ëÌÏÄÏÍ ðÕÌØÅ (1.23\,Ë÷Ô/Í$^2$, ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÅ ÚÎÁÞÅÎÉÅ
1.367\,Ë÷Ô/Í$^2$).

1880~--- ÂÏÌÏÍÅÔÒ ìÜÎÇÌÉ. 1875~--- ÒÁÄÉÏÍÅÔÒ ëÒÕËÓÁ. ôÅÒÍÏÐÁÒÙ.

1957~--- ÏÔËÒÙÔÉÅ Ó×ÏÊÓÔ× ÈÁÌØËÏÇÅÎÉÄÏ×.

1962~--- ÆÏÔÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÁ äÖÏÎÓÏÎÁ, ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÑ ÆÏÔÏÜÌÅËÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÍÉ ÑÞÅÊËÁÍÉ ÎÁ PbS É InSb.

1970~--- IR~CCD, ÍÁÔÒÉÃÙ ÄÉÏÄÏ× ûÏÔÔËÉ.

2000Å~--- ÒÁÚÌÉÞÎÙÅ ×ÉÄÙ FPA.
\ldots
\end{block}
\col{0.4}\img{herschel}}}
\only<2>{\img[0.7]{IR_atm}
\begin{block}{äÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÙ}
\begin{itemize}
\item $0.75\div1.4\,$ÍËÍ~--- ÂÌÉÖÎÉÊ éë, ðúó;
\item $1.4\div3\,$ÍËÍ~--- ËÏÒÏÔËÏ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÙÊ éë, HgCdTe (ÄÏ $2.54\,$ÍËÍ), InSb (ÄÏ $5.4\,$ÍËÍ);
\item $3\div8\,$ÍËÍ~--- ÓÒÅÄÎÉÊ éë, Si:As ($5\div28\,$ÍËÍ);
\item $8\div15\,$ÍËÍ~--- ÄÌÉÎÎÏ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÙÊ éë, Si:As;
\item $15\div1000\,$ÍËÍ~--- ÄÁÌØÎÉÊ éë É ÓÕÂÍÉÌÌÉÍÅÔÒÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ.
\end{itemize}
\end{block}}
%\only<3>{
%\centering\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
%\hline\Ö $\pmb\lambda,\,$ÍËÍ & \Ö ðÏÌÏÓÁ &\Ö ðÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÏÓÔØ ÎÅÂÁ & \Ö ñÒËÏÓÔØ ÎÅÂÁ\\\hline
%$1.1$--$1.4$ & J & ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ & ÎÉÚËÁÑ\\
%$1.5$--$1.8$ & H & ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ & ÏÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁÑ\\
%$2.0$--$2.4$ & K & ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ & ÏÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁÑ\\
%$3.0$--$4.0$ & L & ÄÏÓÔÁÔÏÞÎÏ ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ& ÎÉÚËÁÑ\\
%$4.6$--$5.0$ & M & ÎÉÚËÁÑ & ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ \\
%$7.5$--$14.5$& N & \multicolumn{1}{p{3.5cm}|}{ÎÉÚËÁÑ (ËÒÏÍÅ 8--9 É 10--12\,ÍËÍ, ÇÄÅ ÓÒÅÄÎÑÑ)} &
%ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ\\
%$17$--$25$   & Q & ÏÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁÑ & ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ \\
%$28$--$40$   & Z & ÏÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁÑ & ÏÞÅÎØ ×ÙÓÏËÁÑ \\
%$330$--$370$ & & ÏÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁÑ & ÎÉÚËÁÑ\\\hline
%\end{tabular}
%}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ}
{\Ö îÁÚÅÍÎÙÅ}: {\Ö VISTA} (4.1\,Í), UKIRT (3.8\,Í), IRTF (3\,Í), É ÄÒ.

{\Ö îÁ ÂÏÒÔÕ ÓÁÍÏÌÅÔÁ}: {\Ö SOFIA} (2.5\,Í).

{\Ö ëÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ}: JWST (6.5\,Í, × ÐÌÁÎÁÈ), {\Ö Herschel} (3.5\,Í), Spitzer (0.85\,Í) É ÄÒ.
\end{block}
\centering
\graph[0.3]{VISTA}\hspace{1em}
\graph[0.35]{SOFIA}\hspace{1em}
\graph[0.25]{HERSCHEL}
}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{âÏÌÏÍÅÔÒ}
	\only<1>{\cols{
			\col{0.5}\img{Bolometer_conceptual_schematic}\col{0.4}
			\begin{block}{}
				1878~Ç. óÜÍÀÜÌØ ìÜÎÇÌÉ ÉÚÏÂÒÅÌ ÂÏÌÏÍÅÔÒ: Ä×Å ÐÌÁÔÉÎÏ×ÙÅ ÐÏÌÏÓËÉ, ÚÁÞÅÒÎÅÎÎÙÅ 
				ÌÁÍÐÏ×ÏÊ ÓÁÖÅÊ,
				×ËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏ ÓÈÅÍÅ ÍÏÓÔÁ õÉÔÓÏÎÁ É ÐÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÎÙÅ Ë ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÍÕ ÇÁÌØ×ÁÎÏÍÅÔÒÕ.
				
				âÏÌÏÍÅÔÒ ìÜÎÇÌÉ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×Ï×ÁÌ ËÏÒÏ×Õ ÚÁ ÍÉÌÀ!
				
				òÁÓÛÉÒÅÎÉÅ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÁ ÄÏ éë.
	\end{block}}}
	\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.4}\img{Wheatstonebridge}
			\col{0.6}\begin{block}{}
				íÏÓÔ õÉÔÓÔÏÎÁ: $\dfrac{R_2}{R_1}=\dfrac{R_x}{R_3}$ \Arr $R_x=\dfrac{R_2}{R_1}R_3$.
				
				$$V_{G}=\left(\frac{R_2}{R_{1}+R_{2}}-\frac{R_x}{R_{x}+R_{3}}\right)V_{s}$$
				$\dfrac{R_x}{R_3}=\dfrac{V_s-2V_G}{V_s+2V_G}$~--- ÅÓÌÉ $V_s=10\,$÷, ÔÏ ÐÒÉ 
				$V_G=1\,$Í÷
				ÏÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏÅ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÐÒÏÔÉ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÓÔÁ×ÉÔ $4\cdot10^{-4}$.
				
				$R_3$ É $R_x$~--- ÚÁÞÅÒÎÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÌÁÔÉÎÏ×ÙÅ ÐÏÌÏÓËÉ. ôÏÞÎÏÓÔØ ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÊ~--- ÄÏ 
				$10^{-5}{}\degr C$.
	\end{block}}}
\end{blueframe} 

\begin{frame}{ïÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ}
\only<1>{ó×ÅÔÏ×ÏÅ ÚÁÇÒÑÚÎÅÎÉÅ\img{light_pollution}}
%\only<2>{\img[0.5]{lpchange}}
\only<2>{òÁÓÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÅ\img{largest_scopes}}
\end{frame}
 
\begin{frame}{õÌØÔÒÁÆÉÏÌÅÔÏ×ÙÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ}
ôÏÌØËÏ ËÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ: UVIT ÎÁ Astrosat (40\,ÓÍ), HST (2.4\,Í), UVOT ÎÁ SWIFT (30\,ÓÍ) É
ÍÎÏÇÉÅ ÄÒÕÇÉÅ.

\centering
\graph[0.3]{Astrosat}\hspace{1em}
\graph[0.35]{HST}\hspace{1em}
\graph[0.25]{SWIFT}
\end{frame}

\section{áÎÁÌÏÇÏ×ÁÑ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁÃÉÑ É ÓÞÅÔ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ×}
\begin{frame}{æÏÔÏÇÒÁÆÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÉ}\only<1>{
1826, îÉÓÅÆÏÒ îØÅÐÓ, ÇÅÌÉÏÇÒÁÆÉÑ (ÐÏÌÉÍÅÒÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÂÉÔÕÍÁ).\img[0.8]{Nieps}}
\only<2>{
\cols{\col{0.5}
\begin{block}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item âÏÌØÛÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÁÔ
\item ïÞÅÎØ ÎÉÚËÁÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ ($<1\%$)
\item óÌÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÄÁ × ÃÉÆÒÏ×ÕÀ ÆÏÒÍÕ
\item îÅÌÉÎÅÊÎÏÓÔØ, ÓÌÏÖÎÏÓÔØ ËÁÌÉÂÒÏ×ËÉ
\end{itemize}
\end{block}\img[0.8]{ISO6speedMethod}
\col{0.5}\img{Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common}
\begin{block}{}
Andrew Ainslie Common, 1883~Ç. "--- ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔØ ïÒÉÏÎÁ.
\end{block}}}
\only<3>{\vspace*{-0.5em}\begin{block}{``Harvard Computers'' (Pickering's Harem)}
Edward Charles Pickering, 1881. ðÒÉ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÅ ÖÅÎÝÉÎ ÄÌÑ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ ÒÁÓÔÕÝÅÊ ËÏÌÌÅËÃÉÉ ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎÏË
çÁÒ×ÁÒÄÓËÏÊ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÉ. The Henry Draper Catalogue. ïÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ Ú×ÅÚÄ, ÉÚÕÞÅÎÉÅ
ÓÐÅËÔÒÏ×, ËÌÁÓÓÉÆÉËÁÃÉÑ ÇÁÌÁËÔÉË.
\end{block}\vspace*{-0.5em}
\img[0.5]{annie_jump_cannon_with_plate}
Annie Jump Cannon, 1896.}
\end{frame}

%\begin{blueframe}{ôÅÒÍÏÐÁÒÁ}
%\cols{\col{0.5}\begin{block}{üÆÆÅËÔ úÅÅÂÅËÁ}
%÷ÅÌÉÞÉÎÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÀÝÅÊ ÔÅÒÍÏ-üäó × ÐÅÒ×ÏÍ ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÉÉ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÔ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌÁ ÐÒÏ×ÏÄÎÉËÏ× É
%ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒ ÇÏÒÑÞÅÇÏ ($T_1$) É ÈÏÌÏÄÎÏÇÏ ($T_2$) ËÏÎÔÁËÔÏ×:
%$$\mathcal {E}=\Int_{T_{1}}^{T_{2}}\alpha_{12}(T)dT.$$
%
%ïÂßÑÓÎÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÏ×ÏËÕÐÎÏÓÔØÀ ÔÒÅÈ ÜÆÆÅËÔÏ×: ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔØÀ  ÏÔ ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÏ× É
%ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ æÅÒÍÉ (ËÏÎÔÁËÔÎÁÑ ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔØ ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌÏ×) É ÆÏÎÏÎÎÙÍ Õ×ÌÅÞÅÎÉÅÍ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÏ×.
%\end{block}
%\col{0.5}\img{Zeebek}\black{ôÅÒÍÏÜÌÅËÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÇÅÎÅÒÁÔÏÒ ÎÁ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÁÈ ðÅÌØÔØÅ}}
%\end{blueframe}

\begin{blueframe}{æÏÔÏÜÆÆÅËÔ}
\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.5}
\begin{block}{÷ÎÅÛÎÉÊ ÆÏÔÏÜÆÆÅËÔ}
$$h\nu =A+\frac{mv^2}{2}$$
\end{block}
\begin{block}{÷ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÉÊ ÆÏÔÏÜÆÆÅËÔ}
$W_{min}$~--- ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÎÏÊ ÚÏÎÙ. $W_{max}$~--- ÜÎÅÒÇÉÑ ×ÙÈÏÄÁ.

æÏÔÏÎ Ó ÔÒÅÂÕÅÍÏÊ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÅÊ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÅÔ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏ-ÄÙÒÏÞÎÕÀ ÐÁÒÕ. ðÒÉÍÅÓÉ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔØ ËÒÁÓÎÙÊ
ÐÒÅÄÅÌ (ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎ ÎÁÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ × ÚÁÐÒÅÝÅÎÎÏÊ ÚÏÎÅ).

æÏÔÏÒÅÚÉÓÔÏÒÙ.
\end{block}
\col{0.5}\img{inside-photo-effect}}}
\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.5}\begin{block}{æÏÔÏ×ÏÌØÔÁÉÞÅÓËÉÊ (ÆÏÔÏÇÁÌØ×ÁÎÉÞÅÓËÉÊ) ÜÆÆÅËÔ}
îÁÐÒÑÍÕÀ Ó×ÑÚÁÎ Ó ÆÏÔÏÜÌÅËÔÉÞÅÓËÉÍ ÜÆÆÅËÔÏÍ.
òÅÖÉÍÙ: ÆÏÔÏÇÁÌØ×ÁÎÉÞÅÓËÉÊ (ÂÅÚ ×ÎÅÛÎÅÇÏ ÎÁÐÒÑÖÅÎÉÑ) É ÆÏÔÏÐÒÏ×ÏÄÉÍÏÓÔÉ (ÏÂÒÁÔÎÏÅ ÓÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ).

çÅÎÅÒÉÒÕÅÍÁÑ × ÏÂÅÄÎÅÎÎÏÊ ÏÂÌÁÓÔÉ ÐÁÒÁ ÒÁÚÒÙ×ÁÅÔÓÑ ÐÏÔÅÎÃÉÁÌÏÍ çÁÌØ×ÁÎÉ. ðÒÏÉÓÈÏÄÉÔ ÎÁËÏÐÌÅÎÉÅ
ÚÁÒÑÄÁ.

æÏÔÏÄÉÏÄÙ, ðúó, CMOS.
\end{block}
\col{0.5}\img[0.9]{PhotovoltaicEffect}}}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{õÓËÏÒÅÎÉÅ É ÒÁÚÍÎÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÏ×}
\vspace*{-2em}\begin{block}{}
1940-Å ÇÏÄÙ. óÞÅÔ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ×. âÏÌØÛÉÅ "--- ÐÏÔÏÍÕ ÏÄÎÏËÁÎÁÌØÎÙÅ.
\end{block}
\img{PhotoMultiplierTubeAndScintillator}
\end{frame}

\section{íÎÏÇÏËÁÎÁÌØÎÙÅ Ó×ÅÔÏÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÉ}
\begin{blueframe}{üìô}
\vspace*{-2em}\begin{block}{}
1964, E. Luedicke, A. D. Cope, and L. E. Flory. Astronomical Image-Integration System Using a
Television Camera Tube.

îÁ $3^m\div4^m$ ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÅÅ ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎÏË.
\end{block}
\img{Orthicon}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{üïð}
\cols{\col{0.4}
\begin{block}{}
ðÅÒ×ÕÀ ËÏÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÀ üïð ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌÉ × 1928\,Ç. ÉÚÏÂÒÅÔÁÔÅÌÉ ÉÚ ËÏÍÐÁÎÉÉ Philips.\\
ðÅÒ×ÏÅ ÐÏËÏÌÅÎÉÅ "--- ËÁÓËÁÄÙ æüõ.\\
÷ÔÏÒÏÅ "--- ÍÉËÒÏËÁÎÁÌØÎÁÑ ÔÅÈÎÏÌÏÇÉÑ (ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÅ ÐÁÒÁÚÉÔÎÏÊ ÚÁÓ×ÅÔËÉ).\\
ôÒÅÔØÅ "--- ÆÏÔÏËÁÔÏÄÙ ÎÁ ÁÒÓÅÎÉÄÅ ÇÁÌÌÉÑ (ÂÏÌØÛÅ ÕÓÉÌÅÎÉÅ, ÍÅÎØÛÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ).\\
þÅÔ×ÅÒÔÏÅ (2014\,Ç!) "--- ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ $400\div1000\,$ÎÍ, ÌÕÞÛÅÅ ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ, ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÏ×.
\end{block}
\col{0.58}
\img{Gen3-Image-Tube}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{íëð + ëðá}
\begin{block}{}
ëÏÎÅÃ 1970-È "--- ÍÉËÒÏËÁÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÌÁÓÔÉÎÙ.

1979, Lampton, M. and Carlson. C; 1982, Firmani, C. et. al.

1983, Siegmund, O.H.W. et al. "Application of the wedge and strip anode to position sensing with
microchannel plates and  proportional counters".

1986, Siegmund, O.H.W. et al. "Wedge and strip image readout systems for photon-counting detectors
in space astronomy".
\end{block}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\img{MCP}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\img[0.8]{WSA}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ðúó}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\img{ccdintro}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
1969, õÉÌÌÁÒÄ âÏÊÌ É äÖÏÒÄÖ óÍÉÔ, ÌÁÂÏÒÁÔÏÒÉÉ âÅÌÌÁ.

1975 "--- ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ ðúó 100x100 (Steven Sasson, Kodak).

1976 "--- ÚÁÐÕÓË ÓÐÕÔÎÉËÁ--ÛÐÉÏÎÁ Ó ðúó 800x800.
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{üÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÏÅ ÕÍÎÏÖÅÎÉÅ ÎÁ ËÒÅÍÎÉÉ}
\vspace*{-1em}\begin{block}{ìÁ×ÉÎÎÙÅ ÆÏÔÏÄÉÏÄÙ É EMCCD}
ìÁ×ÉÎÎÙÊ ÆÏÔÏÄÉÏÄ "--- ÕÄÁÒÎÁÑ ÉÏÎÉÚÁÃÉÑ ÐÒÉ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÎÁÐÒÑÖÅÎÉÑÈ ÓÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ. (ÌÁ×ÉÎÎÙÅ ÓÔÁÂÉÌÉÔÒÏÎÙ).	

Electron-Multiplying CCD ÓÏÄÅÒÖÁÔ <<ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒ ÕÍÎÏÖÅÎÉÑ>> (ÁÎÁÌÏÇÉÑ Ó ÌÁ×ÉÎÎÙÍ ÄÉÏÄÏÍ). 
îÅÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ÕÒÏ×ÎÑ ÕÓÉÌÅÎÉÑ "--- ÐÒÅÄÐÏÞÔÉÔÅÌØÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÔÁ Ó ÏÄÉÎÏÞÎÙÍÉ ÆÏÔÏÎÁÍÉ (ËÏÒÏÔËÉÅ 
ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ).
\end{block}
\img[0.7]{EMCCD}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ëíïð}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.7\textwidth}
\only<1>{\img{CCD-VS-CMOS}}
\only<2>{\img{HgCdTe_ULBcam}}
\column{0.3\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
ëÏÎÅÃ 1980-È "--- <<ÁËÔÉ×ÎÏ-ÐÉËÓÅÌØÎÙÅ ÄÁÔÞÉËÉ>>. îÅÄÅÓÔÒÕËÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ, ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÌØÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐ.
îÏ ÎÉÚËÁÑ Ë×ÁÎÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ.

\onslide<2>{éë-ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÙ ÎÁ HgCdTe}
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{çÉÂÒÉÄÎÙÅ ÍÁÔÒÉÃÙ (Focal Plane Array)}
\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.6}\begin{block}{}
÷ n-ËÁÎÁÌØÎÏÍ ÐÏÌÕÐÒÏ×ÏÄÎÉËÅ ÌÅÇÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ p-ËÁÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÝÁÄËÉ "--- ÐÉËÓÅÌÉ.

ëÁÖÄÙÊ ÐÉËÓÅÌØ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÎÄÅÎÓÁÔÏÒÏÍ, ÎÁËÁÐÌÉ×ÁÀÝÉÍ ÆÏÔÏÇÁÌØ×ÁÎÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÄÙÒËÉ, ÌÉÂÏ ÖÅ ËÏÎÄÅÎÓÁÔÏÒÙ
ÌÅÇÉÒÕÀÔÓÑ × ROIC.

ôÏÌÝÉÎÁ ÐÏÌÕÐÒÏ×ÏÄÎÉËÁ: ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÍÁÌÅÎØËÁÑ "--- ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÁÑ ÄÌÑ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ×, ÓÌÉÛËÏÍ ÂÏÌØÛÁÑ "---
ÒÅËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÑ ÐÁÒ × ÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÅ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ. ïÂÙÞÎÏ ÏËÏÌÏ 10\,ÍËÍ.

ðÒÏÓ×ÅÔÌÑÀÝÅÅ ÐÏËÒÙÔÉÅ.
\end{block}
\col{0.4}\img{hgcdte1}}}
\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.6}\begin{block}{}
îÁ ÓÉÌÉËÏÎÅ "--- ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÀÝÁÑ ÓÈÅÍÁ (ReadOut Integrated Circuit).

òÅÇÉÓÔÒÉÒÕÀÝÁÑ ÓÔÒÕËÔÕÒÁ ÐÒÉÖÉÍÁÅÔÓÑ Ë ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÀÝÅÊ.

ëÏÎÔÁËÔ ÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÏÍ ÉÎÄÉÅ×ÙÈ ÛÁÒÉËÏ× (ÍÑÇËÉÊ ÍÅÔÁÌÌ ÄÁÖÅ ÐÒÉ ËÒÉÏÇÅÎÎÙÈ ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÁÈ).

éÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÁÑ ÃÅÐØ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ ÄÌÑ ËÁÖÄÏÇÏ ÐÉËÓÅÌÑ.

îÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÁÑ ÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÑ, ÎÅÄÅÓÔÒÕËÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ. ïÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÒÁÓÔÅËÁÎÉÑ ÚÁÒÑÄÁ, ËÁË × ðúó.
<<ðÌÏÈÉÅ>> ÐÉËÓÅÌÉ ÎÅ ×ÌÉÑÀÔ ÎÁ ÏËÒÕÖÅÎÉÅ!
\end{block}
\col{0.4}\img{hgcdte2}}}
\end{blueframe}

\section{ðÒÉÍÅÒÙ ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ×}
\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\only<1>{\img{SDSSFaceplate}}
\only<2>{\img{frame_transfer_CCD}}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
\only<1>{óÌÏÁÎÏ×ÓËÉÊ ÏÂÚÏÒ SDSS, 30 ðúó 2048x2048 × ÓËÁÎÉÒÕÀÝÅÍ ÒÅÖÉÍÅ.}
\only<2>{ðúó Ó ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÏÍ ÚÁÒÑÄÁ ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÀÔ ÕÍÅÎØÛÉÔØ ×ÏÚÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ ÐÏÓÔÏÒÏÎÎÅÊ ÚÁÓ×ÅÔËÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ
ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ.}
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{STJ, TES "--- ÉÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ ÆÏÔÏÎÁ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{STJ}
ä×Á Ó×ÅÒÈÐÒÏ×ÏÄÎÉËÁ, ÒÁÚÄÅÌÅÎÎÙÈ ÔÏÎËÉÍ ÉÚÏÌÑÔÏÒÏÍ.

áÌÀÍÉÎÉÊ (1.2ë), ÎÉÏÂÉÊ (4.2ë).

100..1000ççÃ "--- ÒÁÄÉÏÁÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÑ. óÞÅÔÞÉË ÆÏÔÏÎÏ× × ÛÉÒÏËÏÍ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ.
\end{block}\img[0.6]{Josephson}}
\only<2>{
\begin{block}{TES}
Transition-edge sensor "--- ËÒÉÏÇÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÁÔÞÉË, × ÏÓÎÏ×Å ÒÁÂÏÔÙ ËÏÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÕÅÔÓÑ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔØ ÏÔ ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ ÓÏÐÒÏÔÉ×ÌÅÎÉÑ ÎÁ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÅ ÆÁÚÏ×ÏÇÏ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ × Ó×ÅÒÈÐÒÏ×ÏÄÑÝÅÅ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ.
\end{block}
\img[0.5]{NIST_Tungsten_Transition_Edge_Sensor}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{OTCCD}
\vspace*{-1em}\cols{\col{0.6}
\begin{block}{arXiv:astro-ph/9705165, 1997}
The Orthogonal Transfer CCD ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÅÒÅÎÏÓÉÔØ ÚÁÒÑÄ × ÌÀÂÏÍ ÉÚ ÞÅÔÙÒÅÈ ÎÁÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÊ. ïÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÎÙÈ ÎÁËÌÏÎÏ× ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÆÒÏÎÔÁ Ó ÞÁÓÔÏÔÏÊ ÄÏ 100\,çÃ. ðÒÏÝÅ tip-tilt ÓÉÓÔÅÍ.
\end{block}
\col{0.35}\img{OTCCD}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ïÂÒÁÂÏÔËÁ ÓÎÉÍËÏ×}
\cols{\col{0.57}\begin{block}{ðÏÓÌÅÄÏ×ÁÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÉ}
\begin{enumerate}
\item ôÅÍÎÏ×ÙÅ, <<ÐÌÏÓËÉÅ ÐÏÌÑ>>, bias'Ù.
\item íÅÄÉÁÎÎÏÅ ÕÓÒÅÄÎÅÎÉÅ ÓÎÉÍËÏ× ÎÅÂÁ.
\item ÷ÙÞÉÔÁÎÉÅ ÉÚ ÒÁÂÏÞÉÈ ËÁÄÒÏ× ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÙÈ.
\item ÷ÙÞÉÔÁÎÉÅ ÎÅÂÁ ÉÚ ÓÎÉÍËÏ× ÏÂßÅËÔÁ.
\item äÅÌÅÎÉÅ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁ ÎÁ ÐÌÏÓËÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ.
\item ïÂÒÁÂÏÔËÁ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÁÔÁ.
\end{enumerate}
ðÅÒÅÐÏÌÎÅÎÎÙÅ ÐÏÌÑ ÔÒÅÂÕÀÔ Â\'ÏÌØÛÉÈ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÊ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ ÄÌÑ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÎÅÂÁ.
\end{block}
\col{0.4}\img{irframe}}
\end{frame}

\section{èÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ×}
\begin{frame}{ë×ÁÎÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ ðúó}
	\only<1>{QE "--- ÏÔÎÏÛÅÎÉÅ ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Á ÐÁÄÁÀÝÉÈ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ× Ë ÄÅÔÅËÔÉÒÕÅÍÙÍ.\img{QE_PTGrey}}
	\only<2>{\img[0.8]{quantumefficiencyfigure1}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ìÉÎÅÊÎÏÓÔØ}
	ìÉÎÅÊÎÏÓÔØ ðúó-ËÁÍÅÒÙ Apogee Alta 16M-HC (Kodak KAF-16803).
	\img[0.7]{Apogee_linearity} 
	$\pm0.5\%$  ($2000\div40000$ ADU) $\pm1.0\%$ ($0\div45000$ ADU).
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{äÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ}
	\cols{\col{0.4}\begin{block}{}
			íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÁÈ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅÊ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ, ÐÒÉ ËÏÔÏÒÏÍ ÏÎ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÉÒÕÅÔÓÑ ÂÅÚ ÐÏÔÅÒØ.\\
			éÄÅÁÌ "--- ÂÅÓËÏÎÅÞÎÙÊ ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ.
		\end{block}
		\col{0.6}\img{bloomingfigure4}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{÷ÒÅÍÅÎÎ\'ÏÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ}
	\begin{block}{}
		èÁÒÁËÔÅÒÎÏÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÉÚÍÅÎÅÎÉÑ ÓÏÓÔÏÑÎÉÑ Ó×ÅÔÏÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÁ, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÀÝÅÅ ÐÒÅÄÅÌØÎÙÅ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ.\\
		ðÏÔÅÒÉ ×ÒÅÍÅÎÉ ÎÁ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ É ÓÏÈÒÁÎÅÎÉÅ.
	\end{block}
	\img{TauOphPicsD}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{ðÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ}
	\begin{block}{}óÔÅÐÅÎØ ÄÅÔÁÌÉÚÁÃÉÉ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÊ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÑ, ÏÐÔÉËÉ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ 
	É ÐÒÉÂÏÒÁ, ÒÁÚÍÅÒÁ ÐÉËÓÅÌÑ.
	\end{block}
	\img[0.85]{digitalimagingfigure2}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{÷ÙÂÏÒ Ó×ÅÔÏÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÁ ÐÏÄ ÍÁÓÛÔÁÂ}
	\centering\begin{minipage}{0.6\textwidth}
		\begin{block}{íÁÓÛÔÁÂ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ}\centering
			$5a\ge\Delta x \ge 2a,\qquad S_{tel}=\dfrac{F_{tel}}{206265}$
			
			âôá: $1/S=8.6''/$ÍÍ, $\Delta x_{1''}=116.36\,$ÍËÍ
			
			$a_{opt}=23.3\,$ÍËÍ. îÕÖÅÎ ÒÅÄÕËÔÏÒ $\sim2.5\,$ÒÁÚ!
			
			$m = \dfrac{S_{cam}}{S_{tel}}=\dfrac{F_{cam}}{F_{coll}}<1$
	\end{block}\end{minipage}
	\img[0.9]{focal_reducer}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{ûÕÍÙ}\vspace*{-0.5em}
	\begin{block}{}
		÷ÙÈÏÄÎÏÊ ÓÉÇÎÁÌ ×ÓÅÇÄÁ ÏÔÌÉÞÁÅÔÓÑ ÏÔ ×ÈÏÄÎÏÇÏ: ÐÕÁÓÓÏÎÏ×Á ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉËÁ ÆÏÔÏÎÏ×, ÆÏÎ ÎÅÂÁ, 
		ÔÅÐÌÏ×ÏÊ (ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ) ÛÕÍ, ËÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÞÁÓÔÉÃÙ, ÛÕÍ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÑ É Ô.Ð. íÕÌØÔÉÐÌÉËÁÔÉ×ÎÙÊ É 
		ÁÄÄÉÔÉ×ÎÙÊ ÛÕÍÙ.
	\end{block}\vspace*{-0.5em}
	\img[0.7]{Kodak_dark}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{èÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ×}
	\begin{block}{}
		òÁÚÍÅÒ, ËÏÌÉÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÉËÓÅÌÅÊ (ËÁÎÁÌÏ×), ÞÕ×ÓÔ×ÉÔÅÌØÎÏÓÔØ × ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ ÄÌÉÎÙ ×ÏÌÎÙ 
		(Ë×ÁÎÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔØ) É ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÊ ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÙÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ, ÄÉÎÁÍÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎ, 
		ÌÉÎÅÊÎÏÓÔØ, ÎÁËÏÐÌÅÎÉÅ ÓÉÇÎÁÌÁ, ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎ\'ÏÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ, ÛÕÍÏ×ÙÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ, 
		ÓÔÁÂÉÌØÎÏÓÔØ, ÃÅÎÁ.
	\end{block}
	\begin{block}{ü×ÏÌÀÃÉÑ ÄÅÔÅËÔÏÒÏ×}
		éÓÔÏÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ Ü×ÏÌÀÃÉÑ: ÇÌÁÚ \Arr ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎËÁ \Arr ÏÄÎÏËÁÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÆÏÔÏÜÌÅËÔÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ 
		ÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÉ \Arr ÓËÁÎÅÒÙ ÆÏÔÏÐÌÁÓÔÉÎÏË \Arr ÔÅÌÅ×ÉÚÉÏÎÎÙÅ ÓËÁÎÅÒÙ \Arr ÐÏÌÕÐÒÏ×ÏÄÎÉËÏ×ÙÅ 
		ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á (ÆÏÔÏÄÉÏÄÙ, ðúó, ËÏÍÐÏÚÉÔÎÙÅ éë ÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÉ, ÂÏÌÏÍÅÔÒÙ, ÌÁ×ÉÎÎÙÅ ÆÏÔÏÄÉÏÄÙ, ëíïð) 
		\Arr ÕÓÔÒÏÊÓÔ×Á, ÉÚÍÅÒÑÀÝÉÅ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÀ ÆÏÔÏÎÁ (STJ "--- ÎÁ Ó×ÅÒÈÐÒÏ×ÏÄÑÝÉÈ ÔÕÎÎÅÌØÎÙÈ 
		ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁÈ, transition-edge sensor "--- ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÉÅ ÓÏÐÒÏÔÉ×ÌÅÎÉÑ Ó×ÅÈÐÒÏ×ÏÄÑÝÅÇÏ ÐÅÒÅÈÏÄÁ).
	\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{ôÉÐÙ ÐÏÄÌÏÖÅË Ó×ÅÔÏÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÏ×}
	\img{detector_wavelengths}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
	\img{Observatories_across_spectrum_labeled_full}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{úÁËÏÎ íÕÒÁ}
\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.7]{moorelaw}
\vspace*{-2\baselineskip}\vbox to 0pt{\black{õÄ×ÏÅÎÉÅ ÞÉÓÌÁ ÔÒÁÎÚÉÓÔÏÒÏ× ÎÁ éó ËÁÖÄÙÅ 2 ÇÏÄÁ.}}
\end{blueframe}


\begin{frame}{óÐÁÓÉÂÏ ÚÁ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ!}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{5cm}
\begin{block}{mailto}
eddy@sao.ru\\
edward.emelianoff@gmail.com
\end{block}\end{minipage}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{}
	\cols{\col{0.5}
		\begin{block}{áÎÁÔÏÍÉÑ ÇÌÁÚÁ}
			Cornea~-- ÒÏÇÏ×ÉÃÁ, ÐÅÒ×ÁÑ <<ÌÉÎÚÁ>>.\\
			Pupil~-- ÚÒÁÞÏË, ÄÉÁÆÒÁÇÍÁ (iris).\\
			Lens~-- ÚÒÁÞÏË, ×ÔÏÒÁÑ <<ÌÉÎÚÁ>>.\\
			Ciliary body~-- ÃÉÌÉÁÒÎÏÅ ÔÅÌÏ.\\
			Vitreous body~-- ÓÔÅËÌÏ×ÉÄÎÏÅ ÔÅÌÏ, ÔÒÅÔØÑ <<ÌÉÎÚÁ>>.\\
			Choroid~-- ÓÏÓÕÄÉÓÔÁÑ ÏÂÏÌÏÞËÁ.\\
			Retina~-- ÓÅÔÞÁÔËÁ.\\
			Macula~-- ÃÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÁÑ ÑÍËÁ.\\[1em]
			$6\div7\,$ÍÌÎ ËÏÌÂÏÞÅË, $\sim120\,$ÍÌÎ ÐÁÌÏÞÅË.\\
			íÏÚÇ <<ÐÅÒÅ×ÏÒÁÞÉ×ÁÅÔ>> É <<ÄÏÒÉÓÏ×Ù×ÁÅÔ>> ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ.
		\end{block}
		\col{0.48}\img{eye-anatomy}
	}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{}
	\only<1>{\img[0.8]{saturn-lassel}úÁÒÉÓÏ×ËÁ óÁÔÕÒÎÁ õÉÌØÑÍÏÍ ìÁÓÓÅÌÏÍ (1799--1880).}
	\only<2>{\img{schr_sspot}óÏÌÎÅÞÎÙÅ ÐÑÔÎÁ (1785--1795). Hieronymus Schroeter (1745--1816).}
	\only<3>{\img{M51}úÁÒÉÓÏ×ËÉ í51: Á) äÖÏÎ çÅÒÛÅÌØ, 1833; b) É c) õÉÌØÑÍ ðÁÒÓÏÎÓ (ÔÒÅÔÉÊ ÇÒÁÆ 
	òÏÓÓ); d) ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ (Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope).}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{çÉÂÒÉÄÎÙÅ ÍÁÔÒÉÃÙ (Focal Plane Array)}
	\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.6}\begin{block}{}
				$V_{reset}$~--- ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÓÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ (bias), $V_{read}\propto q$.
				
				õÓÉÌÉÔÅÌØ ÎÁ íïð ÐÏÚ×ÏÌÑÅÔ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ Ó×ÅÓÔÉ Ë ÎÕÌÀ ÕÔÅÞËÉ ÐÒÉ ÎÅÄÅÓÔÒÕËÔÉ×ÎÏÍ 
				ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÉ.
				
				$\Phi_{read}$ ÐÏÄÁÅÔÓÑ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔ <<2é>> ÎÁ Ä×ÕÈ íïð (ÁÄÒÅÓÁÃÉÑ ÓÔÏÌÂÃÁ É 
				ÓÔÒÏËÉ).
			\end{block}
			\col{0.4}\img{hgcdte3}}}
	\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.5}\begin{block}{}
				Hawaii HgCdTe 1024x1024.\par ðÉËÓÅÌØ 18.5\,ÍËÍ.\par Gain 5.4\,e/ADU.\par RON 
				2.1\,ADU.\par ïËÏÌÏ
				10000 ÐÌÏÈÉÈ ÐÉËÓÅÌÅÊ.\par îÅÌÉÎÅÊÎÏÓÔØ ÍÅÎØÛÅ 1.5\% ÏÔ 0 ÄÏ 10000\,ADU.\par 
				ôÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ ÔÏË ÐÒÉ
				T=78\,K ÍÅÎØÛÅ 0.1\,e/s.
			\end{block}
			\col{0.5}\img{hawqe}}
		\vspace{1em}
		\black{\small 
		https://www.eso.org/sci/facilities/lasilla/instruments/sofi/inst/HawaiiDetector.html}}
	\only<3>{\cols{\col{0.47}\begin{block}{}
				÷ÙÓÏËÉÊ ÛÕÍ InSb ÐÒÉ $T>60\,$ë ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÍ ÕÒÏ×ÎÅÍ 
				ÇÅÎÅÒÁÃÉÏÎÎÏ-ÒÅËÏÍÂÉÎÁÃÉÏÎÎÙÈ ÔÏËÏ×.
				
				õ HgCdTe × ÜÔÏÍ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ Ç-Ò ÔÏËÉ ÐÒÁËÔÉÞÅÓËÉ ÎÕÌÅ×ÙÅ, ÛÕÍ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔÓÑ × ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÍ 
				ÄÉÆÆÕÚÎÙÍÉ
				ÔÏËÁÍÉ.
				
				$$T_{max}=\frac{200\,K}{\lambda_c\text{\,$\mu$m}}$$
			\end{block}
			\col{0.5}\img{irdark}}
		\black{\small OPTO--ELECTRONICS REVIEW \textbf{20}\,(3), 279--308.}}
\end{blueframe}


\begin{frame}{ðúó, ÉÔÏÇÉ}\vspace*{-0.5em}
	\begin{block}{}
		\begin{itemize}
			\item äÌÑ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÉÑ ÜÆÆÅËÔÉ×ÎÏÓÔÉ ÔÏÌÝÉÎÁ ÒÁÂÏÞÅÇÏ ÓÌÏÑ ðúó ÄÏÌÖÎÁ ÂÙÔØ ÎÅ ÂÏÌØÛÅ 
			ÐÏÄÌÏÖËÉ n-ÔÉÐÁ,
			back-illuminated. õÓÌÏÖÎÅÎÉÅ ÔÅÈÐÒÏÃÅÓÓÁ, ÕÄÏÒÏÖÁÎÉÅ.
			\item çÌÕÂÏËÏÅ ÏÈÌÁÖÄÅÎÉÅ ÞÉÐÁ: ÐÒÉ $-80\degr$C Ó ÒÏÓÔÏÍ ÔÅÍÐÅÒÁÔÕÒÙ ÎÁ $\sim7\degr$C 
			ÔÅÍÎÏ×ÏÊ ÛÕÍ
			Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÅÔÓÑ × Ä×Á ÒÁÚÁ.
			\item ëÒÅÍÎÉÅ×ÁÑ ÐÏÄÌÏÖËÁ ÉÍÅÅÔ ËÒÁÓÎÕÀ ÇÒÁÎÉÃÕ ÎÁ $\sim1.1\,$ÍËÍ, × éë Ó×ÅÔÏÐÒÉÅÍÎÉËÉ Ó
			ËÒÅÍÎÉÅ×ÙÍÉ ÐÏÄÌÏÖËÁÍÉ ÎÅ ÂÕÄÕÔ ÒÁÂÏÔÁÔØ.
			\item õÔÏÎÞÅÎÉÅ ÞÉÐÁ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÉÔ Ë ÒÏÓÔÕ ÐÒÏÚÒÁÞÎÏÓÔÉ ÄÌÑ ÂÏÌØÛÉÈ ÄÌÉÎ ×ÏÌÎ É ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÀ 
			ÆÒÉÎÇÏ×.
			\item âÏÌØÛÏÊ ÐÒÏÂÌÅÍÏÊ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÒÁÓÔÅËÁÎÉÅ ÚÁÒÑÄÁ Ó ÐÅÒÅÜËÓÐÏÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÙÈ ÐÉËÓÅÌÅÊ.
			\item ðúó ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÏÓÎÁÓÔÉÔØ <<ÜÌÅËÔÒÏÎÎÙÍ>> ÚÁÔ×ÏÒÏÍ, ÉÈ ÚÁÔ×ÏÒ ÍÅÈÁÎÉÞÅÓËÉÊ.
			\item äÅÆÅËÔÙ ÐÏÄÌÏÖËÉ ÐÒÉ×ÏÄÑÔ Ë ÐÏÑ×ÌÅÎÉÀ <<ÇÏÒÑÞÉÈ>> É <<ÐÌÏÈÉÈ>> ÐÉËÓÅÌÅÊ.
			\item ðÏÓÔÏÑÎÎÏÅ ×ÏÚÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÅ ËÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÈ ÞÁÓÔÉÃ ×ÙÚÙ×ÁÅÔ ÎÅÏÂÒÁÔÉÍÕÀ ÄÅÇÒÁÄÁÃÉÀ.
		\end{itemize}
	\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{blueframe}{CMOS, ÉÔÏÇÉ}
	\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.5}\begin{block}{}
				óËÁÎÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÉÚ×ÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÞÎÏ.
				
				<<íÅÄÌÅÎÎÁÑ>> ÛÉÎÁ "--- ÓÔÒÏËÉ (Y). <<âÙÓÔÒÁÑ>> "--- ÓÔÏÌÂÃÙ (X).
				
				ôÁËÔÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÓÄ×ÉÇÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÅÇÉÓÔÒÁ X ÐÏÏÞÅÒÅÄÎÏ ÁÄÒÅÓÕÅÔ ÐÉËÓÅÌÉ × ÓÔÒÏËÅ.
				
				ðÏÄËÌÀÞÅÎÉÅ ÓÂÒÏÓÁ: ÉÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÏ, ÐÏÓÔÒÏÞÎÏ ÉÌÉ ÇÌÏÂÁÌØÎÏ.
				
				åÓÌÉ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÅ ÚÁ×ÅÒÛÁÅÔÓÑ ÓÂÒÏÓÏÍ, ÎÁËÏÐÌÅÎÉÅ ÐÒÏÄÏÌÖÁÅÔÓÑ "--- 
				ÎÅÄÅÓÔÒÕËÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ.
			\end{block}
			\col{0.5}\img{hawlcc}}}
	\only<2>{\cols{\col{0.47}\begin{block}{ä×ÏÊÎÁÑ ËÏÒÒÅÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ×ÙÂÏÒËÁ}
				$V_b$~--- ÎÁÞÁÌØÎÙÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÓÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ.\par
				$V_1$~--- ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÐÒÉ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÉ ÓÒÁÚÕ ÐÏÓÌÅ ÓÂÒÏÓÁ.\par
				$V_2$~--- ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ × ËÏÎÃÅ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ.
				
				$V_2-V_1$~--- Ä×ÏÊÎÁÑ ËÏÒÒÅÌÉÒÏ×ÁÎÎÁÑ ×ÙÂÏÒËÁ.
			\end{block}
			\col{0.5}\img{cds}}}
	
	\only<3>{\cols{\col{0.57}\begin{block}{îÅÄÅÓÔÒÕËÔÉ×ÎÏÅ ÓÞÉÔÙ×ÁÎÉÅ}
				Fowler (F) and Follow-Up-the-Ramp (FUR, ÏÔÓÌÅÖÉ×ÁÎÉÅ ÎÁËÌÏÎÁ) sampling.\par
				$\SNR_{FUR}=\SNR_{DC}\sqrt{\dfrac{n(n+1)}{6(n-1)}}$.\par
				äÌÑ $n\gg1$\par
				$t=nT_{read}$: $\SNR_{F} = \SNR_{DC}\sqrt{\frc{n}{8}}\approx\SNR_{FUR}\sqrt{\frc68}$
				$t\gg nT_{read}$: $\SNR_{F} = \SNR_{DC}\sqrt{\frc{n}{2}}\approx\SNR_{FUR}\sqrt{3}$!
				
				ïÄÎÁËÏ, FUR ÂÏÌÅÅ ÐÒÉÍÅÎÉÍ × ËÏÓÍÏÓÅ: ×ÏÓÓÔÁÎÏ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ, ÐÏ×ÒÅÖÄÅÎÎÙÈ 
				ËÏÓÍÉËÏÊ!
			\end{block}
			\col{0.4}\img{nondestr}}}
\end{blueframe}

\begin{frame}{ïÂÒÁÂÏÔËÁ ÓÎÉÍËÏ×}
	\only<1>{\cols{\col{0.47}\begin{block}{ñÒËÏÓÔØ ÎÅÂÁ}
	÷ÙÓÏËÉÊ ÕÒÏ×ÅÎØ ÛÕÍÏ× ÏÔ ÓÁÍÏÇÏ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ.\par
	÷ ÄÁÌØÎÅÍ éë ÎÅÂÏ ÑÒÞÅ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×!\par
	æÏÎ ÎÅÂÁ ÚÁ×ÉÓÉÔ ÏÔ ÐÏÌÏÖÅÎÉÑ ÏÂßÅËÔÁ.\par
	<<Nodding>> "--- ÎÅÂÏÌØÛÉÅ ÐÅÒÅÍÅÝÅÎÉÑ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ ÍÅÖÄÕ ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÑÍÉ ÄÌÑ ÐÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ ÓÎÉÍËÏ× ÎÅÂÁ.
	\end{block}
	\col{0.5}\img{irsky}}}
	\only<2,3>{\cols{\col{0.47}\begin{block}{Mid IR: Chopping + Nodding}
	÷ ÓÒÅÄÎÅÍ éë ÆÏÎ ÎÅÂÁ ÂÙÓÔÒÏ ÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ. üËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÉ "--- ÎÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ 50\,ÍÓ!
	\begin{enumerate}
	\item{} <<Chopping>> \Arr on$_i$/off$_i$.
	\item $\Sum_{i=0}^{i=xxxxx}$ \Arr On$^1$-Off$^1$.
	\item{} <<Nodding>>, repeat \Arr On$^2$-Off$^2$.
	\item Sky=On$^1$-Off$^1$+On$^2$-Off$^2$.
	\item Accumulated=On$^1$-Off$^1$-(On$^2$-Off$^2$).
	\item óÏ×ÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ \Arr Shift+add.
	\end{enumerate}
	\end{block}
	\col{0.5}\only<2>{\img{irdemob}}
	\only<3>{\img{chopnod}}}}
\end{frame}

\end{document}