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renovation of APhSch lecture 01

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Edward Emelianov 2022-03-30 00:03:16 +03:00
parent 3846952bb7
commit 1094f0af28
50 changed files with 6770 additions and 353 deletions
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\documentclass[10pt,pdf,hyperref={unicode}]{beamer} \documentclass[10pt,pdf,hyperref={unicode},aspectratio=169]{beamer}
\hypersetup{pdfpagemode=FullScreen} \hypersetup{pdfpagemode=FullScreen}
\usepackage{lect} \usepackage{lect}
\title[Телескопы]{Инструменты в приближениях геометрической и волновой оптики} \title[Телескопы]{Инструменты в приближениях геометрической и волновой оптики}
\date{4 ÍÁÒÔÁ 2018 ÇÏÄÁ} \date{7~апреля 2022~года}
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\begin{document} \begin{document}
% Титул % Титул
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@ -35,24 +20,79 @@
\tableofcontents \tableofcontents
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\section{Телескоп как концентратор энергии} \section{Телескоп как концентратор энергии}
\subsection{Зеркало}
\begin{frame}{Телескоп как концентратор энергии. Зеркало}
\vspace*{-1em}
\only<1,2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.35\textwidth}\begin{block}{Архимед}
<<Гиперболоид>> (212\,в до н.э.) "--- попытка сжечь осадивший римский флот под Сиракузами во время
2~пунической войны (218--201\,гг до н.э.).
\end{block}\column{0.6\textwidth}}
\only<1>{\img{Giperboloid-Arhimeda}}
\only<2>{\img{archimed}}
\only<1,2>{\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\begin{columns}\column{0.3\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
Зажжение олимпийского огня. Игры~--- раньше 776~г. до~н.э. (до 394~г.\,н.э., возобновлены в
1896~г.)!
\end{block}\column{0.65\textwidth}\img{olympic_torch_lighting}\end{columns}}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Линза}
\begin{frame}{Телескоп как концентратор энергии. Линза}
\vspace*{-1em}\begin{columns}
\column{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{defin}\textbf{Линза} "--- от лат. <<lens>>~-- чечевица.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
Пьеса Аристофана <<Облака>> (424\,г. до н.э.) "--- добыча огня.
Древний Рим. Плиний старший (23--79\,гг. н.э.) "--- добыча огня, коррекция зрения (император Нерон, вогнутый изумруд).
Альхазен (965--1038\,гг. н.э.) "--- трактат по оптике, формирование изображения глазом.
1280-е годы, Италия (Сальвино д'Армате) "--- очки.
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img[0.9]{Nimrud_lens_British_Museum}
\vspace*{-1em}\begin{block}{}Линза Нимруда (750--710\,гг. до н.э.). Нимруд "--- одна из древних
столиц Ассирии.\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Световая энергетика}
\textbf{Слюсарев Г.Г.} О возможном и невозможном в оптике (1-е изд. 1944, 2-е изд. 1957).\\
\textbf{Степанов Б.И.} Введение в современную оптику\ldots, 1989.\\[1em]
Максимальный поток от Солнца: 2\,кал/(мин$\cdot$см${}^2$) (0.14\,Вт) $\Arr$ АЧТ нагреется не выше
$120^\circ$C (0.16\,Вт/см$^2$). Воспламенение древесины "--- $500\div700^\circ$C
($2\div5\,$Вт/см$^2$).
\textbf{Альбедо}! $\Arr$ $20\div40\,$раз выше освещенности от Солнца (и десятки минут)! Мгновенное
воспламенение "--- сотни ватт!
Диаметр изображения Солнца $d=F/127$ $\Arr$ выигрыш в освещенности:
$\dfrac{E}{E_0}=\bigl(\dfrac{127\cdot D}{F}\bigr)^2$ $\Arr$ светосила для 100\,Вт/см$^2$:
$D/F\ge1/5$, т.е. диаметр <<зеркала>> лишь в 5 раз меньше расстояния!
3000 <<зайчиков>> в одну точку! Но альбедо белой краски до 80\%!!!
1747, фр. натуралист Бюффон построил зажигательный прибор из 168 зеркал $15\times20\,$см (с
индивидуальными оправами). За несколько минут на расстоянии 47\,м загорелась смолистая доска (почти
АЧТ). $E/E_0=36$. \\[1em]
<<Знамя-2>> + <<Новый свет>>, 4 февраля 1993. Парус диаметром 20\,м (сектора). Диаметр пятна 8км,
освещенность сравнима с полной Луной.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Ход лучей в линзе} \begin{frame}{Ход лучей в линзе}
\only<1>{éÄÅÁÌØÎÁÑ (ÔÏÎËÁÑ) ÌÉÎÚÁ. \img{thin_lens}} \only<1>{Идеальная (тонкая) линза. (О параксиальной оптике -- позже). \img[0.8]{thin_lens}}
%\only<2>{ôÏÌÓÔÁÑ ÌÉÎÚÁ, ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ É ÔÏÞËÉ. \img{pripl}} \only<2>{Толстая линза, главные плоскости и точки. \img[0.8]{pripl}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{Конические сечения} \begin{blueframe}{Конические сечения}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}óÆÅÒÁ. óÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{spherical_mirror}} \only<1>{\black{Сфера. Сферическая аберрация.}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.7]{spherical_mirror}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÁÒÁÂÏÌÁ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{parabola_with_focus_and_arbitrary_line}} \only<2>{\black{Парабола.}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.62]{parabola_with_focus_and_arbitrary_line}}
%\only<3>{\begin{block}{}üÌÌÉÐÓ, ÇÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÁ, ÐÁÒÁÂÏÌÁ.\end{block}\img{ell_par_hyp}} \only<3>{\black{Эллипс, гипербола, парабола.}\img{ell_par_hyp}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}ëÁÕÓÔÉËÁ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{Miroir-cercle}}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\section{Формирование изображений линзами и зеркалами} \section{Формирование изображений линзами и зеркалами}
\begin{blueframe}{Принцип Гюйгенса--Френеля} \begin{blueframe}{Принцип Гюйгенса--Френеля}
\only<1>{\begin{defin}çÉÐÏÔÅÚÁ: ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔ ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÆÒÏÎÔÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ËÁË ÃÅÎÔÒ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÇÏ ×ÏÚÍÕÝÅÎÉÑ, ÐÏÒÏÖÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÅ ÓÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ×ÏÌÎÙ, Á ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÉÒÕÀÝÅÅ Ó×ÅÔÏ×ÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ × ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÔÏÞËÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØÓÑ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÅÊ ÜÔÉÈ ×ÏÌÎ.\end{defin} \vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\begin{defin}Каждый элемент волнового фронта можно рассматривать как центр вторичного возмущения, порождающего вторичные сферические волны, а результирующее световое поле в каждой точке пространства будет определяться интерференцией этих волн.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{} \begin{block}{}
Густав Кирхгоф придал принципу Гюйгенса строгий математический вид, показав, что его можно считать приближенной формой теоремы, называемой интегральной теоремой Кирхгофа. Густав Кирхгоф придал принципу Гюйгенса строгий математический вид, показав, что его можно считать приближенной формой теоремы, называемой интегральной теоремой Кирхгофа.
@ -60,17 +100,21 @@
Дальнейшим обобщением и развитием принципа Гюйгенса является формулировка через интегралы по траекториям, служащая основой современной квантовой механики. Принцип Ферма "--- наименьшее время распространения. Принцип наименьшего действия Гамильтона. Дальнейшим обобщением и развитием принципа Гюйгенса является формулировка через интегралы по траекториям, служащая основой современной квантовой механики. Принцип Ферма "--- наименьшее время распространения. Принцип наименьшего действия Гамильтона.
\end{block}} \end{block}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÒÉÎÃÉÐ æÅÒÍÁ.\end{block}\img[0.7]{Least_action_principle}} \only<2>{\black{Принцип Ферма (принцип наименьшего времени).}\vspace*{-1em}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}òÅÆÒÁËÃÉÑ. (òÏÔÁ ÓÏÌÄÁÔ, ÍÑÞ). úÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ Ó×ÅÔÁ ÏÔ ÄÌÉÎÙ ×ÏÌÎÙ.\end{block} \img[0.55]{Least_action_principle}}
\img[0.7]{Refraction_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle}} \only<3>{\black{Рефракция~--- изменение направления движения. (Рота солдат,
\only<4>{\begin{block}{}äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ ÎÁ ÝÅÌÉ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{Refraction_on_an_aperture_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle}} мяч).} \vspace*{-1em}\img[0.55]{Refraction_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle}}
%\only<5>{\begin{block}{}ïÐÔÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔØ ÈÏÄÁ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{Huygens_Refracted_Waves}} \only<4>{\black{Дифракция на
щели: каждая точка~--- источник вторичных волн.}\vspace*{-1em}
\img[0.65]{Refraction_on_an_aperture_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle}}
\only<5>{\black{Оптическая разность хода. Огибающая формирует волновой фронт.}
\img[0.6]{Huygens_Refracted_Waves}}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Закон Снеллиуса} \begin{frame}{Закон Снеллиуса}
\begin{defin}Виллеброрд Снелль (голл), начало XVII~века:\hspace{1em} \begin{defin}Виллеброрд Снелль (голл), начало XVII~века:\hspace{1em}
$\displaystyle\frac{\sin\theta_2}{\sin\theta_1}=\frac{v_2}{v_1}=\frac{n_1}{n_2}$\end{defin} $\displaystyle\frac{\sin\theta_2}{\sin\theta_1}=\frac{v_2}{v_1}=\frac{n_1}{n_2}$\end{defin}
\img[0.8]{snells_law} \img[0.7]{snells_law}
(До Снелля закон описал перс. математик ибн Сахль, который к тому же занимался и асферической оптикой) (До Снелля закон описал перс. математик ибн Сахль, который к тому же занимался и асферической оптикой)
\end{frame} \end{frame}
@ -85,111 +129,238 @@ $\sin\theta\approx\theta$, $\tg\theta\approx\theta$
Для б\'ольших углов приходится различать меридиональные (плоскость <<основной луч+оптическая ось>>) и саггитальные лучи. Для б\'ольших углов приходится различать меридиональные (плоскость <<основной луч+оптическая ось>>) и саггитальные лучи.
\end{block} \end{block}
\column{0.6\textwidth} \column{0.6\textwidth}
\img{saggmerid} \img[0.8]{saggmerid}
\end{columns} \end{columns}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{Главные плоскости и кардинальные точки}
\vspace*{-1em}\only<1>{\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}F/F'~-- передняя и задняя фокальные точки; P/P'~-- передняя и задняя главные точки; V/V'~--передний и задний края поверхности; H/H'~-- передняя и задняя главные плоскости.\end{block}
\img[0.8]{Lens_shapes}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\img[0.8]{Cardinal-points-1}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}Построение изображений.\end{block}
\begin{defin}\textbf{Главная плоскость} "--- каждая из двух плоскостей, перпендикулярных оптической оси системы, изображающихся одна в другой с линейным увеличением, равным единице. \textbf{Кардинальные точки} "--- две главные точки и две точки фокуса.\end{defin}
\img{geolens1}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Формула тонкой линзы} \begin{frame}{Формула тонкой линзы}
\begin{block}{æÏÒÍÕÌÁ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ.} \only<1>{\begin{block}{}
$\displaystyle\frac1{f}=(n-1)\left[\frac1{R_1}-\frac1{R_2}+\frac{(n-1)d}{nR_1 R_2}\right]$,
в приближении тонкой линзы: $\displaystyle\frac1{f}\approx(n-1)\left[\frac1{R_1}-\frac1{R_2}\right]$
\end{block}
\img[0.7]{Lens1}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}
$$\frac1{S_1}+\frac1{S_2}=\frac1{f}$$ $$\frac1{S_1}+\frac1{S_2}=\frac1{f}$$
\end{block} \end{block}
\img{Lens3} \img[0.7]{Lens3}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\subsection{Волновая оптика} \subsection{Волновая оптика}
\begin{frame}{äÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ} \begin{blueframe}{Дисперсия}\vspace*{-0.6em}
\img{refdisp} \only<1>{\begin{block}{Числа Аббе (по фраунгоферовым линиям)}
\end{frame} $$V_d = \frac{n_d-1}{n_F-n_C},\quad V_e = \frac{n_e-1}{n_{F'}-n_{C'}}$$
Показатель частной дисперсии (PgF): $Pg_F = \dfrac{n_g-n_F}{n_F-n_C}$.
d~(He) -- 587.6\,нм, F~(H${}_\beta$) -- 486.1\нм, C~(H${}_\alpha$) -- 656.3\,нм,
e~(Hg) -- 546.1\,нм, F'~(Cd) -- 480.0\,нм, C'~(Cd) -- 643.9\,нм, g~(H${}_\gamma$) -- 435.8\,нм.
\end{block}\img[0.7]{CF}}
\only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.2\textwidth}\begin{block}{}Диаграмма
Аббе\end{block}\column{0.75\textwidth}\img[0.85]{Abbe-diagramm}\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\img{refdisp}}
\only<4>{\vspace{-1.4em}\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Схема образования радуги}
1)~сферическая капля\\
2)~внутреннее отражение\\
3)~первичная радуга\\
4)~преломление\\
5)~вторичная радуга\\
6)~входящий луч света\\
7)~ход лучей при формировании первичной радуги\\
8)~ход лучей при формировании вторичной радуги\\
9)~наблюдатель\\
10)~область формирования первичной радуги\\
11)~область формирования вторичной радуги\\
12)~облако капелек
\end{block}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\img[0.95]{Rainbow_formation}
\end{columns}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Интерференция} \begin{frame}{Интерференция}
\only<1,2>{\begin{defin}\textbf{Интерференция волн} "--- \only<1,2>{\begin{defin}\textbf{Интерференция волн} "---
взаимное увеличение или уменьшение результирующей амплитуды двух или нескольких когерентных волн при их наложении друг на друга.\end{defin}} взаимное увеличение или уменьшение результирующей амплитуды двух или нескольких когерентных волн при их наложении друг на друга.\end{defin}}
\only<1>{\img[0.9]{interference3a}} \only<1>{\img[0.8]{interference3a}}
\only<2>{\img[0.9]{interference3}} \only<2>{\img[0.8]{interference3}}
\only<3>{\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth} \only<3>{\vspace*{-1em}\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Опыт Юнга} \begin{block}{Опыт Юнга}
Томас Юнг, 1803. Ширина щелей приблизительно равна длине волны излучаемого света. Томас Юнг, 1803. Ширина щелей приблизительно равна длине волны излучаемого света.
Доказательство волновой природы света. Доказательство волновой природы света.
éÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ËÁÒÔÉÎÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÐÒÏÒÅÚÅÊ ÂÌÉÚËÁ Ë ÄÌÉÎÅ ×ÏÌÎÙ ÉÚÌÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÍÏÎÏÈÒÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ Ó×ÅÔÁ. åÓÌÉ ÛÉÒÉÎÕ ÐÒÏÒÅÚÅÊ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ, ÔÏ ÏÓ×ÅÝ£ÎÎÏÓÔØ ÜËÒÁÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÏÚÒÁÓÔÁÔØ, ÎÏ ËÏÎÔÒÁÓÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ËÁÒÔÉÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÁÄÁÔØ ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ Å£ ÉÓÞÅÚÎÏ×ÅÎÉÑ. Интерференционная картина возникает на экране, когда ширина прорезей близка к длине волны
излучаемого монохроматического света. Если ширину прорезей увеличивать, то освещенность экрана
будет возрастать, но контраст интерференционной картины будет падать вплоть до полного её
исчезновения.
\end{block} \end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{interference4} \column{0.45\textwidth}\img{interference4}
\end{columns}} \end{columns}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ} \begin{blueframe}{Дифракция}
\begin{columns} \only<1>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth} \column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{defin}\textbf{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ} "--- Ñ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÏÔËÌÏÎÅÎÉÑ ×ÏÌÎ ÏÔ ÐÒÑÍÏÌÉÎÅÊÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÉ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÐÒÅÐÑÔÓÔ×ÉÅÍ.\end{defin} \begin{defin}\textbf{Дифракция} "--- явление, которое проявляет себя как отклонение от законов геометрической оптики при распространении волн.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{} \begin{block}{}
$b\sin\phi=k\lambda$. Диск Эйри: $\sin \theta_{min1} \approx 1.22 \frac{\lambda}{d} $ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$. Диск Эйри: $\sin \theta_{min1} \approx 1.22 \frac{\lambda}{d} $
Формула Эйри: $s''=\frac{2.76}{a}$ ($a$ в дюймах). Формула Эйри: $s''=\frac{2.76}{a}$ ($a$ в дюймах).
\end{block}\vspace*{-1.5em} \end{block}\vspace*{-1.5em}
\img[0.8]{Airy-pattern} \img[0.7]{Airy-pattern}
\column{0.38\textwidth}\vspace{-1em} \column{0.3\textwidth}\vspace{-2em}
\img[0.9]{Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit} \img[0.7]{Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit}
\vspace*{-2em}\img{diff_slit} \vspace*{-2em}\img{diff_slit}
\end{columns} \end{columns}}
\end{frame} \only<2>{\begin{block}{}
Дифракция Фраунгофера (в дальней зоне):\\
\section{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ} $\dfrac{W^{2}}{L\lambda }\ll 1$, W~-- ширина щели, $L$~--расстояние.
\subsection{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ} $\Phi=\dfrac{W^{2}}{L\lambda }$~-- число Френеля.\\
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ} Дифракция Френеля: $\Phi>1$.\end{block}\img[0.47]{fresnel_zones}}
\only<1>{çÁÌÉÌÅÑ\\\vspace*{-2em}\img[0.6]{galileoscopes}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.6]{galileo_rays}} \end{blueframe}
\only<2>{ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ\img[0.9]{keplerian_ray}}
\end{frame}
\subsection{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{block}{}îØÀÔÏÎÁ (1668)\end{block}\begin{columns}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{NewtonsTelescopeReplica}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\blueimg{Newtonian_telescope}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{Аберрации} \section{Аберрации}
\begin{blueframe}{Хроматическая аберрация} \begin{blueframe}{Хроматическая аберрация}
\only<1>{\img{Chromatic_aberration_lens_diagram}} \only<1>{\img[0.85]{Chromatic_aberration_lens_diagram}}
\only<2>{\img{achromatic}} \only<2>{\img[0.85]{achromatic}}
\only<3>{\blue{Апохромат}\img{Apochromat}} \only<3>{\blue{Апохромат}\img{Apochromat}}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{blueframe}{Монохроматические аберрации} \begin{blueframe}{Монохроматические аберрации}
\only<1>{\blue{óÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ, $\propto(D/F)^3$}\\ \only<1>{\begin{columns}\column{0.55\textwidth}\blue{Сферическая аберрация, $\propto(D/F)^3$}
\igh{Spherical_aberration_1}\igh{Spherical_aberration_2}} \img{Spherical_aberration_1}
\only<2>{\vspace*{-1em}\vbox to 0pt{\blue{ëÏÍÁ, $\propto(D/F)^2$}}\img{Lens-coma}} \column{0.4\textwidth}\img{Spherical_aberration_2}\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\vspace*{-1em}\vbox to 0pt{\blue{áÓÔÉÇÍÁÔÉÚÍ, $\propto(D/F)$}}\img{meridional-sagittal-planes}} \only<2>{\vspace*{-0.5em}\blue{Кома, $\propto(D/F)^2$}\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.8]{Lens-coma}}
\only<4>{\vspace*{-1em}\vbox to 0pt{\blue{äÉÓÔÏÒÓÉÑ}}\img{distortion}} \only<3>{\vspace*{-0.5em}\blue{Астигматизм,
$\propto(D/F)$}\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.9]{meridional-sagittal-planes}}
\only<4>{\vspace*{-0.5em}\blue{Дисторсия}\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.95]{distortion}}
\only<5>{\blue{Кривизна поля "--- фокальная плоскость <<Кеплера>>}\\ \only<5>{\blue{Кривизна поля "--- фокальная плоскость <<Кеплера>>}\\
\igh{Field_curvature}\igh{Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout}} \igh{Field_curvature}\igh{Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout}}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Полиномы Цернике}
\subsection{éÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÊ} \only<1>{\begin{block}{}Четные полиномы Цернике:
\begin{frame}{ôÅÓÔ æÕËÏ} $Z_n^m(\rho, \varphi)=R_n^m(\rho )\,\cos(m\varphi)$,\\
\cols{\col{0.6} Нечетные:
\begin{block}{} $Z_n^{-m}(\rho, \varphi)=R_n^m(\rho)\,\sin(m\,\varphi)$,\\
1858, L\'eon Foucault. éÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ "--- ÉÚ ÃÅÎÔÒÁ ËÒÉ×ÉÚÎÙ ÚÅÒËÁÌÁ ÐÒÉ ÅÇÏ ÛÌÉÆÏ×ÁÎÉÉ. где $m$ и $n$~-- положительные целые, $n\ge m$;\\
\end{block}\img{Foucault-Test_1} $\varphi$~-- угловая координата;
\col{0.4}\img{Foucault_test}} $\rho$~-- радиус-вектор ($0\le\rho\le1$);
$R^m_n$~-- радиальные полиномы.\\
Полиномы Цернике ортонормальны, $|Z_n^m(\rho, \varphi)|\leq 1$.\\
$\displaystyle R^m(\rho)=\sum_{k=0}^{\tfrac{n-m}{2}}\frac{(-1)^{k}\,(n-k)!}{k!\left(\tfrac {n+m}{2}-k\right)!\left(\tfrac {n-m}{2}-k\right)!}\;\rho^{n-2\,k}$ для четных $n-m$,\\
$R_n^m\equiv 0$ для нечетных $n-m$.
\end{block}
}
\only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{table}\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}\hline
\bf Z& $\mathbf{Z_j}$ & \bf Name \\\hline
$Z_0^0$ & 1& Смещение \\\hline
$Z_1^{-1}$ & $2\rho\sin\varphi$ & Вертикальный наклон \\\hline
$Z_1^1$ & $2\rho\cos\varphi$ & Горизонтальный наклон \\\hline
$Z_2^{-2}$ & $\sqrt6\rho^2\sin2\varphi$ & Астигматизм (косой)\\\hline
$Z_2^{0}$ & $\sqrt3(2\rho^2-1)$ & Дефокус\\\hline
$Z_3^{-1}$ & $\sqrt8(3\rho^3-2\rho)\sin\varphi$ & Вертикальная кома\\\hline
$Z_3^1$ & $\sqrt8(3\rho^3-2\rho)\cos\varphi$ & Горизонтальная кома\\\hline
$Z_4^0$ & $\sqrt5(6\rho^4-6\rho^2+1)$ & Сферическая аберрация\\\hline
\end{tabular}\end{table}
\column{0.37\textwidth}\img{Zernike_polynomials2}
\end{columns}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\subsection{Измерение аберраций}
\begin{frame}{Метод Гартманна} \begin{frame}{Метод Гартманна}
\img[0.9]{hartmann} \only<1>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Суть методики \vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.73]{hartmann}}
\only<2>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Экран 3.5-м телескопа (WIYN, Китт-Пик)
\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.7]{WIYN_HartmanScreen_10-91_b}}
\only<3>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Экран БТА \vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.9]{BTA_hartm}}
\only<4>{\vspace*{-0.5em}\vbox to 0pt{Волновой фронт}\vspace*{-0.5em}
\img[0.5]{mirr_BTA_h}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Метод Шака-Гартманна} \begin{frame}{Метод Шака-Гартманна}
\img{shag} \only<1>{\img[0.83]{shag}}
\only<2,3,4>{\begin{columns}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Шак-Гартманн на БТА}
ООО <<Визионика>>, ИПЛИТ РАН.
Применяется с 2015 года.\\
Имеет более высокое разрешение.\\
Единственный доступный для БТА метод.\\
Растр $60\times60$ APO-Q-P1000-F40 ($61\times61\,$мм).
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\only<2>{\img{mlm_MonolithicLensletModule}}
\only<3>{\img[0.7]{SHA_BTA}}
\only<4>{\img[0.7]{favaris01}}\end{columns}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Метод Роддье} \begin{frame}{Метод Роддье}
\img[0.8]{Roddiergrab} \img[0.65]{Roddiergrab}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Zemax}
\vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\img[0.7]{mirr_Coma}}
\only<2>{\img[0.7]{fft-mtf}}
\only<3>{\img[0.7]{matrix-spot}}
\only<4>{\img[0.7]{ray-fan}}
\end{frame}
\section{Телескопы}
\subsection{Рефракторы}
\begin{frame}{Рефракторы}
\only<1>{Галилея\vspace*{-1.5em}\img[0.42]{galileoscopes}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.42]{galileo_rays}}
\only<2>{Кеплера\vspace*{-2em}\img[0.8]{keplerian_ray}}
\only<3>{Яна Гевелия (1641, 46м фокус)\\\vspace*{-0.4em}\img[0.52]{hevelius_scope}}
\only<4>{\begin{columns}\column{0.55\textwidth}
\vspace{-1em}\img[0.7]{Huygens_broths_scope}
\column{0.35\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
Гюйгенса (вторая половина XVII~века, 37м)\\
1655 "--- кольца Сатурна, Титан;\\
1657 "--- маятниковые часы;\\
1659 "--- туманность Ориона;\\
1675 "--- часовая спираль.
\end{block}\end{columns}}
\only<5>{Francois Deloncle, 1.25м "--- парижская выставка 1900\,г,
$F=57\,$м.\img[0.6]{Great_Ex_Telescope_Telescope}}
\end{frame}
\subsection{Рефлекторы}
\begin{blueframe}{Рефлекторы}
\only<1>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{NewtonsTelescopeReplica}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\begin{block}{}Ньютона (1668)\end{block}\img{Newtonian_telescope}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{early-herschel-40ft}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\begin{block}{}Гершеля--Ломоносова (1772/1762)\end{block}
\img{Herschel-Lomonosov_reflecting_telescope}
\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\begin{columns}\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Gregorian_telescope}
\column{0.49\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}Грегори (предложена, но не построена в 1663: парабола +
эллипс)\end{block}
\img{Gregorian_telescopes}\end{columns}}
\only<4>{\begin{block}{}Кассегрена (1672, вариация "--- Ритчи--кретьен, 1910, 2
гиперболы)\end{block}
\img{Cassegrain_telescope}}
\only<5>{\begin{block}{}Шмидт--Кассегрен (1950-е "--- гигантские размеры
поля)\end{block}\img[0.9]{schmidt}}
\end{blueframe}
\section{Основные характеристики телескопов} \section{Основные характеристики телескопов}
\begin{frame}{Основные характеристики телескопов} \begin{frame}{Основные характеристики телескопов}
\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth} \begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{block}{} \begin{block}{}
\textbf{Разрешение} $\theta =1.220\dfrac\lambda{D}=\dfrac{16.4}{D}$ $''/$см для 650\,нм.\\ \textbf{Разрешение} $\theta =1.220\dfrac\lambda{D}=\dfrac{16.4}{D}$ $''/$см для 650\,нм.\\
@ -200,17 +371,18 @@ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$.
\textbf{Проницающая сила} $m$~-- наиболее слабые звезды (в зените) над фоном.\\ \textbf{Проницающая сила} $m$~-- наиболее слабые звезды (в зените) над фоном.\\
\textbf{Масштаб} $u=\dfrac {206265}{F}''/$мм. \textbf{Масштаб} $u=\dfrac {206265}{F}''/$мм.
\end{block} \end{block}
\column{0.37\textwidth} \column{0.33\textwidth}
\img{Airy_disk_spacing_near_Rayleigh_criterion} \img{Airy_disk_spacing_near_Rayleigh_criterion}
\end{columns} \end{columns}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Маска Бахтинова} \begin{frame}{Маска Бахтинова}
\only<1>{\img[0.6]{Bahtinov_mask}} \only<1>{\img[0.5]{Bahtinov_mask}}
\only<2>{\img{Bahtinov_mask_example}} \only<2>{\img[0.9]{Bahtinov_mask_example}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Преимущества рефлекторов над рефракторами} \begin{frame}{Преимущества рефлекторов над рефракторами}
\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{columns} \begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth} \column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Рефлектор} \begin{block}{Рефлектор}
@ -227,14 +399,14 @@ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$.
Не нужна коллимация элементов.\\ Не нужна коллимация элементов.\\
Закрытая труба "--- меньше грязи.\\ Закрытая труба "--- меньше грязи.\\
\end{block} \end{block}
\column{0.48\textwidth}\img{refrVSrefl} \column{0.4\textwidth}\img[0.9]{refrVSrefl}
\end{columns} \end{columns}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\section{Монтировка телескопа} \section{Монтировка телескопа}
\begin{frame}{Экваториальная монтировка} \begin{frame}{Экваториальная монтировка}
\only<1>{\begin{columns} \only<1>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}\img[0.9]{fraunh_tel} \column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}\img[0.75]{fraunh_tel}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{1824, Йозеф фон Фраунгофер} \column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{1824, Йозеф фон Фраунгофер}
Телескоп обсерватории Тарту. Германская монтировка. Телескоп обсерватории Тарту. Германская монтировка.
@ -245,7 +417,7 @@ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$.
\end{block}\end{columns}} \end{block}\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{columns} \only<2>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em} \column{0.5\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}
\img{100_inch_Hooker_Telescope} \img[0.8]{100_inch_Hooker_Telescope}
\column{0.4\textwidth} \column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Телескоп Хукера} \begin{block}{Телескоп Хукера}
100 дюймов, 1917~г. Английская монтировка <<с ярмом>>. 100 дюймов, 1917~г. Английская монтировка <<с ярмом>>.
@ -257,7 +429,7 @@ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$.
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Альт-азимутальная монтировка} \begin{frame}{Альт-азимутальная монтировка}
\img[0.9]{bta_telescope} \img[0.7]{bta_telescope}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Альт-альт} \begin{frame}{Альт-альт}
@ -272,15 +444,20 @@ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$.
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Одно- и многоэлементные инструменты} \begin{frame}{Одно- и многоэлементные инструменты}
\only<1>{ðÁÓÓÉ×ÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÇÒÕÚËÉ âôá.\img[0.9]{btamir0}} \only<1>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Пассивные разгрузки БТА.\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.9]{btamir0}}
\only<2>{áËÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÒÁÚÇÒÕÚËÁ 1-Í ÚÅÒËÁÌÁ ESO (1987, NTT)\img[0.9]{1-m}} \only<2>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Активная разгрузка 1-м зеркала ESO (1987, NTT)
\only<3>{âÏÌØÛÏÊ íÁÇÅÌÌÁÎÏ× ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ (GMT, ìÁÓ-ëÁÍÐÁÎÁÓ, þÉÌÉ). \img[0.9]{GMT-3}} \vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.8]{1-m}}
\only<4>{ãÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÏÅ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ GMT. \img[0.9]{gmt_Central}} \only<3>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Большой Магелланов Телескоп (GMT, Лас-Кампанас, Чили).
\only<5>{\img[0.9]{Telescope-mount-detail}} \vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.8]{GMT-3}}
\only<6>{39-Í ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ E-ELT (ÇÏÒÁ áÒÍÁÓÏÎÅÓ, þÉÌÉ). \only<4>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Центральное зеркало GMT.
\img[0.9]{AAS-TMT-calendar-800}} \vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.8]{gmt_Central}}
\only<7>{óÅÇÍÅÎÔÙ E-ELT (798 ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÏ× ÐÏ 1.45\,Í)\img[0.9]{eelt_seg}} \only<5>{\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.8]{Telescope-mount-detail}}
\only<8>{óÅÇÍÅÎÔÙ Keck\img[0.9]{keck_segment}} \only<6>{\vspace*{-0.5em}39-м телескоп E-ELT (гора Армасонес, Чили).
\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.8]{AAS-TMT-calendar-800}}
\only<7>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Сегменты E-ELT (798 сегментов по 1.45\,м)
\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.8]{eelt_seg}}
\only<8>{\vspace*{-0.5em}Сегменты Keck
\vspace*{-0.3em}\img[0.8]{keck_segment}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\section{Сходства и различия оптических и радиотелескопов} \section{Сходства и различия оптических и радиотелескопов}
@ -293,17 +470,18 @@ $b\sin\phi=k\lambda$.
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Интерферометрия} \begin{frame}{Интерферометрия}
\vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}\textbf{Астрономический интерферометр} ~--- совокупность отдельных \only<1>{\begin{block}{}\textbf{Астрономический интерферометр} ~--- совокупность отдельных
телескопов, сегментов зеркал или антенн, формирующих единое целое для повышения углового разрешения. телескопов, сегментов зеркал или антенн, формирующих единое целое для повышения углового разрешения.
Получение высоких разрешений на малых телескопах.\end{block} Получение высоких разрешений на малых телескопах.\end{block}
\img{Interferometer}} \img[0.85]{Interferometer}}
\only<2>{\img[0.9]{keck_inter}} \only<2>{\img[0.7]{keck_inter}}
\only<3>{\img[0.9]{keck}} \only<3>{\img[0.8]{keck}}
\only<4>{VLT. \img[0.65]{VLT_inter}} \only<4>{\vspace*{-0.5em}\vbox to 0pt{VLT.}\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.5]{VLT_inter}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{} \begin{blueframe}{}
\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{Astronomical_interferometer_line_geometry} \begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\img[0.8]{Astronomical_interferometer_line_geometry}
\column{0.48\textwidth} \column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}Разрешение (до $0.001^m$) компонент двойных звезд, поиск экзопланет. Измерение \begin{block}{}Разрешение (до $0.001^m$) компонент двойных звезд, поиск экзопланет. Измерение
движения звезд (сдвиги полос) или непосредственно планет (<<обнуляющая>> интерферометрия, движения звезд (сдвиги полос) или непосредственно планет (<<обнуляющая>> интерферометрия,
@ -311,12 +489,21 @@ Keck).
\end{block}\end{columns} \end{block}\end{columns}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Радиоинтерферометрия}
\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{cross_cor}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Сверхдлинная база}РСДБ--интерферометр. Данные собираются независимо. Далее
осуществляется корреляционная обработка. Квазар--КВО (координатно-временное обеспечение).
\end{block}\end{columns}\img[0.6]{quasar}
\end{frame}
\section{Границы возможностей наземных инструментов} \section{Границы возможностей наземных инструментов}
\begin{blueframe}{Земная атмосфера} \begin{blueframe}{Земная атмосфера}
\begin{block}{úÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÁ} \begin{block}{}
Наземная астрофизика сильно сжата в спектральном диапазоне земной атмосферой. Наземная астрофизика сильно сжата в спектральном диапазоне земной атмосферой.
\end{block} \end{block}
\img{Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity} \img[0.95]{Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Качество изображения (seeing)} \begin{frame}{Качество изображения (seeing)}
@ -325,16 +512,17 @@ Keck).
\small\begin{itemize} \small\begin{itemize}
\item Полуширина (FWHM) изображения звезды. \item Полуширина (FWHM) изображения звезды.
\item $r_0$ (типичный размер неоднородности "--- параметр Фрида) и $t_0$ (<<время заморозки>>). \item $r_0$ (типичный размер неоднородности "--- параметр Фрида) и $t_0$ (<<время заморозки>>).
\item ðÒÏÆÉÌØ $C_{N^2}$ (ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÒÑÔØÓÑ ÎÁÐÒÑÍÕÀ, ÎÁÐÒ. MASS). \item Профиль $C_{N^2}$ (может измеряться напрямую, напр. MASS~--Multi Aperture Scintillation
Sensor).
\end{itemize} \end{itemize}
\end{block}\vspace{-1.5em}\img{seeing3}\vspace{-0.5em}\hbox to 0pt{{\small îÁÉÌÕÞÛÅÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ "--- \end{block}\vspace{-1em}\img[0.85]{seeing3}\vspace*{-1em}
ÇÏÒÙ ÐÏÓÒÅÄÉ ÏËÅÁÎÁ.}} {\small Наилучшее место "--- горы посреди океана.}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\vspace{-1em}\begin{block}{}\small \column{0.49\textwidth}\vspace{-1em}\begin{block}{}\small
Вариация фазы ВФ на входной апертуре: $\sigma^2=1.0299\bigl(\dfrac{d}{r_0}\bigr)^{5/3}$.\\ Вариация фазы ВФ на входной апертуре: $\sigma^2=1.0299\bigl(\dfrac{d}{r_0}\bigr)^{5/3}$.\\
$$r_0=\left(\frac{16.7\lambda^{-2}}{\cos Z}\int_0^\infty $$r_0=\left(\frac{16.7\lambda^{-2}}{\cos Z}\int_0^\infty
C_{N}^2(h)\,dh\right)^{-3/5}$$ C_{N}^2(h)\,dh\right)^{-3/5}$$
\end{block}\vspace{-1em}\img[0.8]{mass_idea} \end{block}\vspace{-1em}\img[0.65]{mass_idea}
\end{columns} \end{columns}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
@ -345,7 +533,7 @@ $$r_0=\left(\frac{16.7\lambda^{-2}}{\cos Z}\int_0^\infty
\def\FT#1{\mathcal{F}(#1)} \def\FT#1{\mathcal{F}(#1)}
\begin{frame}{Спекл--интерферометрия} \begin{frame}{Спекл--интерферометрия}
\only<1>{\img{speckles}} \only<1>{\img[0.95]{speckles}}
\only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\begin{block}{} \only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
1970, Antoine Labeyrie "--- математические основы СИ (методы Фурье-анализа).\\ 1970, Antoine Labeyrie "--- математические основы СИ (методы Фурье-анализа).\\
\textbf{Спектр мощности}~-- БПФ полуинварианта 2 порядка (напр. автокорреляции). \textbf{Спектр мощности}~-- БПФ полуинварианта 2 порядка (напр. автокорреляции).
@ -357,18 +545,20 @@ $B(f_1,f_2)=\mathcal{F}^{*}(f_1+f_2)\cdot\FT{f_1}\cdot\FT{f_2}$.
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{Адаптивная оптика} \begin{blueframe}{Адаптивная оптика}
\vspace*{-0.5em}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{} \only<1>{\begin{block}{}
Horace W. Babcock, 1953 "--- теория АО. Бурное развитие в 90-х в рамках холодной войны. Horace W. Babcock, 1953 "--- теория АО. Бурное развитие в 90-х в рамках холодной войны.
Искусственная звезда, tip-tilt зеркало, деформируемое зеркало, делитель пучка, датчик волнового Искусственная звезда, tip-tilt зеркало, деформируемое зеркало, делитель пучка, датчик волнового
фронта. фронта.
\end{block}\img[0.8]{Adaptive_optics_system_full}} \end{block}\vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.7]{Adaptive_optics_system_full}}
\only<2>{\smimg[0.5]{VLTdefmir}\smimg[0.5]{Ferrofluid_Deformable_mirror}} \only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{VLTdefmir}
\only<3>{\vspace*{-1em}\begin{block}{} \column{0.5\textwidth}\img{Ferrofluid_Deformable_mirror}\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}
$30\div60\,$mas. Искусственные звезды: звезды Рэлея (ближний ИК, $15\div25$~км) и $30\div60\,$mas. Искусственные звезды: звезды Рэлея (ближний ИК, $15\div25$~км) и
натриевые ($80\div100$~км, 589~нм). натриевые ($80\div100$~км, 589~нм).
\end{block} \end{block}\vspace*{-0.5em}
\img{cfht_adaptive_optics}\textcolor{black}{ôÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÑÒËÉÈ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×!}} \img[0.83]{cfht_adaptive_optics}\vspace*{-1em}\textcolor{black}{Только для ярких объектов!}}
\only<4>{\img[0.85]{VLT_artif_star}} \only<4>{\img[0.8]{VLT_artif_star}}
\end{blueframe} \end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Lucky-imaging, Superresolution} \begin{frame}{Lucky-imaging, Superresolution}
@ -389,14 +579,14 @@ Horace W. Babcock, 1953 "---
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{} \begin{frame}{}
\img[0.85]{optelcomp} \vspace*{-0.5em}\img[0.63]{optelcomp}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\section{Космические телескопы} \section{Космические телескопы}
\begin{frame}{Космические телескопы} \begin{frame}{Космические телескопы}
\begin{columns} \vspace*{-1em}\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth} \column{0.55\textwidth}
\img{Hipparcos-testing-estec} \img[0.8]{Hipparcos-testing-estec}
\column{0.4\textwidth} \column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{} \begin{block}{}
1989--1993, Hipparcos "--- High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite. 29-см телескоп! 1989--1993, Hipparcos "--- High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite. 29-см телескоп!
@ -411,7 +601,7 @@ Horace W. Babcock, 1953 "---
\begin{frame}{} \begin{frame}{}
\vspace*{-1em} \vspace*{-1em}
\img[0.6]{HST-SM4}\vspace*{-1em} \img[0.5]{HST-SM4}\vspace*{-2em}
\begin{block}{Телескоп им.~Хаббла} \begin{block}{Телескоп им.~Хаббла}
2.4~м зеркало. 2.4~м зеркало.
@ -433,8 +623,8 @@ Horace W. Babcock, 1953 "---
\begin{frame}{} \begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns} \begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-2em} \column{0.55\textwidth}\vspace*{-2em}
\img{Kepler_Space_Telescope} \img[0.85]{Kepler_Space_Telescope}
\column{0.4\textwidth} \column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Телескоп Кеплера} \begin{block}{Телескоп Кеплера}
2009--2013, 2013--, поиск экзопланет и переменных звезд. 0.95~м апертура, зеркало 1.4~м (камера 2009--2013, 2013--, поиск экзопланет и переменных звезд. 0.95~м апертура, зеркало 1.4~м (камера
@ -448,20 +638,41 @@ $\sim0.5$~
на поиски экзопланет. на поиски экзопланет.
К маю 2016 обнаружено 1284 планеты (из них 550 каменных, 9 в обитаемой зоне). К маю 2016 обнаружено 1284 планеты (из них 550 каменных, 9 в обитаемой зоне).
30~октября 2018\,г миссия завершена. Отключили в день смерти И.~Кеплера: 15~ноября.
Изучено 530506 звезд, обнаружено 2662 экзопланеты. На смену пришел TESS.
\end{block} \end{block}
\end{columns} \end{columns}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\begin{frame}{} \begin{frame}{JWST}
\img[0.6]{Space_telescopes} \vspace*{-1em}
\only<1>{\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}\img[0.8]{JWST0}
\column{0.37\textwidth}\begin{block}{}25~декабря 2021~года. $D=6.5\,$м, $F=131.4\,$м. Инструменты:
MIRI (камера среднего ИК), NIRCam (камера ближнего ИК), NIRSpec (спектрограф ближнего ИК), FGS
\slash NIRISS (датчик точного наведения с бесщелевым спектрографом ближнего ИК).
Орбита в $L_2$ Земля--Солнце (1.5\,млн. км. от Земли).
Позволяет частично экранировать излучение Солнца.
\end{block}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\img[0.5]{JWST1}}
\only<3>{\img[0.75]{JWST2}}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\if0
\begin{frame}{}
\img[0.5]{Space_telescopes}
\end{frame}
\fi
\begin{frame}{Оптические небылицы} \begin{frame}{Оптические небылицы}
<<Гиперболоид инженера Гарина>> "--- сведение потока излучения в сверхтонкий пучок: нулевой размер <<Гиперболоид инженера Гарина>> "--- сведение потока излучения в сверхтонкий пучок: нулевой размер
осветителя, отсутствие аберраций, отсутствие дифракции. осветителя, отсутствие аберраций, отсутствие дифракции.
За большое поле зрения приходится платить малым усилением. Закон Лагранжа--Гельмгольца: $\alpha За большое поле зрения приходится платить малым усилением. Закон Лагранжа--Гельмгольца: $\alpha
yn=\alpha' y'n'$. yn=\alpha' y'n'$ ($\alpha$~-- угл. размер апертуры из точки объекта, $y$~-- линейный размер
объекта, $n$~-- показатель преломления).
Необратимые явления: дифракция, рассеяние, поглощение. Необратимые явления: дифракция, рассеяние, поглощение.
@ -469,11 +680,11 @@ yn=\alpha' y'n'$.
$$\frac{L}{L_0}=\left(\frac{D}{D_{out}}\right)^2\left(\frac{D_{out}}{\Delta}\right)^2= $$\frac{L}{L_0}=\left(\frac{D}{D_{out}}\right)^2\left(\frac{D_{out}}{\Delta}\right)^2=
\left(\frac{D}{\Delta}\right)^2.$$ \left(\frac{D}{\Delta}\right)^2.$$
Однако, качество изображения: seeing$\,\sim1''$ $\Arr$ $1'$. Нет смысла в увеличении больше Однако, качество изображения: seeing$\,\sim1''$ $\Arr$ $1'$. Нет смысла в увеличении больше
$\times120$. $\times120$. Для визуальных наблюдений нет смысла использовать телескоп более
$8\cdot120\approx1\,$м!!!
ðÌÁÎÅÔÙ É ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔÉ: ÐÒÉ ÒÁ×ÎÙÈ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÑÈ ÑÒËÏÓÔØ ÐÒÏÐÏÒÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÁ $D^2$. Планеты и туманности: освещенность пропорциональна $(D/F)^2$ \Arr при равных светосилах
освещенность не меняется! У звезд же (при условии согласования масштаба) $\propto D^2$.
äÌÑ ×ÉÚÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÊ ÎÅÔ ÓÍÙÓÌÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ÂÏÌÅÅ 0.5\,Í!!!
А можно ли увидеть следы американцев на Луне? 50-метровый телескоп с идеальной оптикой на орбите А можно ли увидеть следы американцев на Луне? 50-метровый телескоп с идеальной оптикой на орбите
"--- запросто! "--- запросто!
@ -487,213 +698,6 @@ $\times120$.
edward.emelianoff@gmail.com edward.emelianoff@gmail.com
\end{block}\end{minipage} \end{block}\end{minipage}
\end{frame} \end{frame}
\section{òÁÚÎÏÅ}
\begin{frame}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ËÁË ËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ. úÅÒËÁÌÏ}
\only<1,2>{\begin{block}{áÒÈÉÍÅÄ}
<<çÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÏÉÄ>> (212\,× ÄÏ Î.Ü.) "--- ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÓÖÅÞØ ÏÓÁÄÉ×ÛÉÊ ÒÉÍÓËÉÊ ÆÌÏÔ ÐÏÄ óÉÒÁËÕÚÁÍÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ 2~ÐÕÎÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ×ÏÊÎÙ (218--201\,ÇÇ ÄÏ Î.Ü.).
\end{block}}
\only<1>{\img[0.7]{Giperboloid-Arhimeda}}
\only<2>{\img[0.85]{archimed}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}
úÁÖÖÅÎÉÅ ÏÌÉÍÐÉÊÓËÏÇÏ ÏÇÎÑ.
\end{block}\img[0.76]{olympic_torch_lighting}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ËÁË ËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ. ìÉÎÚÁ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{defin}\textbf{ìÉÎÚÁ} "--- ÏÔ ÌÁÔ. <<lens>>~-- ÞÅÞÅ×ÉÃÁ.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
ðØÅÓÁ áÒÉÓÔÏÆÁÎÁ <<ïÂÌÁËÁ>> (424\,Ç. ÄÏ Î.Ü.) "--- ÄÏÂÙÞÁ ÏÇÎÑ.
äÒÅ×ÎÉÊ òÉÍ. ðÌÉÎÉÊ ÓÔÁÒÛÉÊ (23--79\,ÇÇ. Î.Ü.) "--- ÄÏÂÙÞÁ ÏÇÎÑ, ËÏÒÒÅËÃÉÑ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ (ÉÍÐÅÒÁÔÏÒ îÅÒÏÎ, ×ÏÇÎÕÔÙÊ ÉÚÕÍÒÕÄ).
áÌØÈÁÚÅÎ (965--1038\,ÇÇ. Î.Ü.) "--- ÔÒÁËÔÁÔ ÐÏ ÏÐÔÉËÅ, ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÇÌÁÚÏÍ.
1280-Å ÇÏÄÙ, éÔÁÌÉÑ (óÁÌØ×ÉÎÏ Ä'áÒÍÁÔÅ) "--- ÏÞËÉ.
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{Nimrud_lens_British_Museum}
\begin{block}{}ìÉÎÚÁ îÉÍÒÕÄÁ (750--710\,ÇÇ. ÄÏ Î.Ü.). îÉÍÒÕÄ "--- ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÄÒÅ×ÎÉÈ ÓÔÏÌÉà áÓÓÉÒÉÉ.\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ó×ÅÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÎÅÒÇÅÔÉËÁ}
\textbf{óÌÀÓÁÒÅ× ç.ç.} ï ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÍ É ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÍ × ÏÐÔÉËÅ (1-Å ÉÚÄ. 1944, 2-Å ÉÚÄ. 1957).\\
\textbf{óÔÅÐÁÎÏ× â.é.} ÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ ÏÐÔÉËÕ\ldots, 1989.\\[1em]
íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÔÏË ÏÔ óÏÌÎÃÁ: 2\,ËÁÌ/(ÍÉÎ$\cdot$ÓÍ${}^2$) (0.14\,÷Ô) $\Arr$ áþô ÎÁÇÒÅÅÔÓÑ ÎÅ ×ÙÛÅ
$120^\circ$C (0.16\,÷Ô/ÓÍ$^2$). ÷ÏÓÐÌÁÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÒÅ×ÅÓÉÎÙ "--- $500\div700^\circ$C ($2\div5\,$÷Ô).
\textbf{áÌØÂÅÄÏ}! $\Arr$ $20\div40\,$ÒÁÚ ×ÙÛÅ ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ óÏÌÎÃÁ (É ÄÅÓÑÔËÉ ÍÉÎÕÔ)! íÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÅ
×ÏÓÐÌÁÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ "--- ÓÏÔÎÉ ×ÁÔÔ!
äÉÁÍÅÔÒ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ óÏÌÎÃÁ $d=F/110$ $\Arr$ ×ÙÉÇÒÙÛ × ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ:
$\dfrac{E}{E_0}=\bigl(\dfrac{110\cdot D}{F}\bigr)^2$ $\Arr$ Ó×ÅÔÏÓÉÌÁ $D/F\ge1/2$!
3000 <<ÚÁÊÞÉËÏ×>> × ÏÄÎÕ ÔÏÞËÕ! îÏ ÁÌØÂÅÄÏ ÂÅÌÏÊ ËÒÁÓËÉ ÄÏ 80\%!!!
1747, ÆÒ. ÎÁÔÕÒÁÌÉÓÔ âÀÆÆÏÎ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÌ ÚÁÖÉÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÒÉÂÏÒ ÉÚ 168 ÚÅÒËÁÌ $15\times20/,$ÓÍ (Ó
ÉÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÏÐÒÁ×ÁÍÉ). úÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÉÎÕÔ ÎÁ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ 47\,Í ÚÁÇÏÒÅÌÁÓØ ÓÍÏÌÉÓÔÁÑ ÄÏÓËÁ (ÐÏÞÔÉ
áþô). $E/E_0=36$. \\[1em]
<<úÎÁÍÑ-2>> + <<îÏ×ÙÊ Ó×ÅÔ>>, 4 ÆÅ×ÒÁÌÑ 1993. ðÁÒÕÓ ÄÉÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ 20\,Í (ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ). äÉÁÍÅÔÒ ÐÑÔÎÁ 8ËÍ,
ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÍÁ Ó ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ìÕÎÏÊ.
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{çÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ É ËÁÒÄÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ}
\only<1>{\vspace{-1em}
\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}F/F'~-- ÐÅÒÅÄÎÑÑ É ÚÁÄÎÑÑ ÆÏËÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ; P/P'~-- ÐÅÒÅÄÎÑÑ É ÚÁÄÎÑÑ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ; V/V'~--ÐÅÒÅÄÎÉÊ É ÚÁÄÎÉÊ ËÒÁÑ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔÉ; H/H'~-- ÐÅÒÅÄÎÑÑ É ÚÁÄÎÑÑ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ.\end{block}
\img{Lens_shapes}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\img{Cardinal-points-1}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ.\end{block}
\begin{defin}\textbf{çÌÁ×ÎÁÑ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔØ} "--- ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÉÚ Ä×ÕÈ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÅÊ, ÐÅÒÐÅÎÄÉËÕÌÑÒÎÙÈ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÓÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÄÎÁ × ÄÒÕÇÏÊ Ó ÌÉÎÅÊÎÙÍ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅÍ, ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÅ. \textbf{ëÁÒÄÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ} "--- Ä×Å ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ É Ä×Å ÔÏÞËÉ ÆÏËÕÓÁ.\end{defin}
\img{geolens1}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{æÏÒÍÕÌÁ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ}
\begin{block}{}
$\displaystyle\frac1{f}=(n-1)\left[\frac1{R_1}-\frac1{R_2}+\frac{(n-1)d}{nR_1 R_2}\right]$,
× ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÉÉ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ: $\displaystyle\frac1{f}\approx(n-1)\left[\frac1{R_1}-\frac1{R_2}\right]$
\end{block}
\img[0.8]{Lens1}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{äÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{þÉÓÌÁ áÂÂÅ (ÐÏ ÆÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÏ×ÙÍ ÌÉÎÉÑÍ)}
$$V_d = \frac{n_d-1}{n_F-n_C},\quad V_e = \frac{n_e-1}{n_{F'}-n_{C'}}$$
ðÏËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÊ ÄÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÉ (PgF): $Pg_F = \dfrac{n_g-n_F}{n_F-n_C}$.
d~(He) -- 587.6\,ÎÍ, F~(H${}_\beta$) -- 486.1\ÎÍ, C~(H${}_\alpha$) -- 656.3\,ÎÍ,
e~(Hg) -- 546.1\,ÎÍ, F'~(Cd) -- 480.0\,ÎÍ, C'~(Cd) -- 643.9\,ÎÍ, g~(Hg) -- 435.8\,ÎÍ.
\end{block}\img[0.7]{CF}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}äÉÁÇÒÁÍÍÁ áÂÂÅ\end{block}\img[0.8]{Abbe-diagramm}}
\only<3>{\vspace{-1.4em}\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{óÈÅÍÁ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ}
1)~ÓÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ËÁÐÌÑ\\
2)~×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÅ ÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ\\
3)~ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÁÑ ÒÁÄÕÇÁ\\
4)~ÐÒÅÌÏÍÌÅÎÉÅ\\
5)~×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÁÑ ÒÁÄÕÇÁ\\
6)~×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÊ ÌÕÞ Ó×ÅÔÁ\\
7)~ÈÏÄ ÌÕÞÅÊ ÐÒÉ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
8)~ÈÏÄ ÌÕÞÅÊ ÐÒÉ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
9)~ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔÅÌØ\\
10)~ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
11)~ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
12)~ÏÂÌÁËÏ ËÁÐÅÌÅË
\end{block}
\column{0.48\textwidth}
\img{Rainbow_formation}
\end{columns}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{blueframe}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ}
\begin{block}{}
äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÁ (× ÄÁÌØÎÅÊ ÚÏÎÅ):\\
$\dfrac{W^{2}}{L\lambda }\ll 1$, W~-- ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÝÅÌÉ, $L$~--ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ.
$\Phi=\dfrac{W^{2}}{L\lambda }$~-- ÞÉÓÌÏ æÒÅÎÅÌÑ.\\
äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ æÒÅÎÅÌÑ: $\Phi>1$.\end{block}\img[0.69]{fresnel_zones}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ}
\only<1>{çÁÌÉÌÅÑ\\\vspace*{-2em}\img[0.6]{galileoscopes}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.6]{galileo_rays}}
\only<2>{ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ\img[0.9]{keplerian_ray}}
\only<3>{ñÎÁ çÅ×ÅÌÉÑ (1641, 46Í ÆÏËÕÓ)\\\vspace*{-0.4em}\img[0.75]{hevelius_scope}}
\only<4>{\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\vspace{-1em}\img[0.9]{Huygens_broths_scope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
çÀÊÇÅÎÓÁ (×ÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÌÏ×ÉÎÁ XVII~×ÅËÁ, 37Í)\\
1655 "--- ËÏÌØÃÁ óÁÔÕÒÎÁ, ôÉÔÁÎ;\\
1657 "--- ÍÁÑÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÅ ÞÁÓÙ;\\
1659 "--- ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔØ ïÒÉÏÎÁ;\\
1675 "--- ÞÁÓÏ×ÁÑ ÓÐÉÒÁÌØ.
\end{block}\end{columns}}
\only<5>{Francois Deloncle, 1.25Í "--- ÐÁÒÉÖÓËÁÑ ×ÙÓÔÁ×ËÁ 1900\,Ç, $F=57\,$Í.\img[0.8]{Great_Ex_Telescope_Telescope}}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}îØÀÔÏÎÁ (1668)\end{block}\begin{columns}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{NewtonsTelescopeReplica}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Newtonian_telescope}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}çÅÒÛÅÌÑ--ìÏÍÏÎÏÓÏ×Á (1772/1762)\end{block}\begin{columns}\column{0.49\textwidth}
\img{early-herschel-40ft}\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Herschel-Lomonosov_reflecting_telescope}
\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}çÒÅÇÏÒÉ (ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÁ, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ × 1663: ÐÁÒÁÂÏÌÁ + ÜÌÌÉÐÓ)\end{block}
\begin{columns}\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Gregorian_telescope}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Gregorian_telescopes}\end{columns}}
\only<4>{\begin{block}{}ëÁÓÓÅÇÒÅÎÁ (1672, ×ÁÒÉÁÃÉÑ "--- òÉÔÞÉ--ËÒÅÔØÅÎ, 1910, 2 ÇÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÙ)\end{block}
\img{Cassegrain_telescope}}
\only<5>{\begin{block}{}ûÍÉÄÔ--ëÁÓÓÅÇÒÅÎ (1950-Å "--- ÇÉÇÁÎÔÓËÉÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÐÏÌÑ)\end{block}\img{schmidt}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{ðÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ ãÅÒÎÉËÅ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}þÅÔÎÙÅ ÐÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ ãÅÒÎÉËÅ:
$Z_n^m(\rho, \varphi)=R_n^m(\rho )\,\cos(m\varphi)$,\\
îÅÞÅÔÎÙÅ:
$Z_n^{-m}(\rho, \varphi)=R_n^m(\rho)\,\sin(m\,\varphi)$,\\
ÇÄÅ $m$ É $n$~-- ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÃÅÌÙÅ, $n\ge m$;\\
$\varphi$~-- ÕÇÌÏ×ÁÑ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÁ;
$\rho$~-- ÒÁÄÉÕÓ-×ÅËÔÏÒ ($0\le\rho\le1$);
$R^m_n$~-- ÒÁÄÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ.\\
ðÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ ãÅÒÎÉËÅ ÏÒÔÏÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙ, $|Z_n^m(\rho, \varphi)|\leq 1$.\\
$\displaystyle R^m(\rho)=\sum_{k=0}^{\tfrac{n-m}{2}}\frac{(-1)^{k}\,(n-k)!}{k!\left(\tfrac {n+m}{2}-k\right)!\left(\tfrac {n-m}{2}-k\right)!}\;\rho^{n-2\,k}$ ÄÌÑ ÞÅÔÎÙÈ $n-m$,\\
$R_n^m\equiv 0$ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÞÅÔÎÙÈ $n-m$.
\end{block}
}
\only<2>{\img[0.6]{Zernike_polynomials2}}
\only<3>{\begin{table}\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}\hline
\bf Z& $\mathbf{Z_j}$ & \bf Name \\\hline
$Z_0^0$ & 1& óÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ \\\hline
$Z_1^{-1}$ & $2\rho\sin\varphi$ & ÷ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÎÁËÌÏÎ \\\hline
$Z_1^1$ & $2\rho\cos\varphi$ & çÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÊ ÎÁËÌÏÎ \\\hline
$Z_2^{-2}$ & $\sqrt6\rho^2\sin2\varphi$ & áÓÔÉÇÍÁÔÉÚÍ (ËÏÓÏÊ)\\\hline
$Z_2^{0}$ & $\sqrt3(2\rho^2-1)$ & äÅÆÏËÕÓ\\\hline
$Z_3^{-1}$ & $\sqrt8(3\rho^3-2\rho)\sin\varphi$ & ÷ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁ\\\hline
$Z_3^1$ & $\sqrt8(3\rho^3-2\rho)\cos\varphi$ & çÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁ\\\hline
$Z_4^0$ & $\sqrt5(6\rho^4-6\rho^2+1)$ & óÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ\\\hline
\end{tabular}\end{table}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎÁ}
\only<1>{óÕÔØ ÍÅÔÏÄÉËÉ \img[0.9]{hartmann}}
\only<2>{üËÒÁÎ 3.5-Í ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ (WIYN, ëÉÔÔ-ðÉË)\img[0.9]{WIYN_HartmanScreen_10-91_b}}
\only<3>{üËÒÁÎ âôá \img[0.9]{BTA_hartm}}
\only<4>{÷ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÊ ÆÒÏÎÔ \img[0.6]{mirr_BTA_h}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ ûÁËÁ-çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎÁ}
\only<1>{\img{shag}}
\only<2,3,4>{\begin{columns}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ûÁË-çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎ ÎÁ âôá}
ïïï <<÷ÉÚÉÏÎÉËÁ>>, éðìéô òáî.
ðÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó 2015 ÇÏÄÁ.\\
éÍÅÅÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÙÓÏËÏÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ.\\
åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÊ ÄÌÑ âôá ÍÅÔÏÄ.\\
òÁÓÔÒ $60\times60$ APO-Q-P1000-F40 ($61\times61\,$ÍÍ).
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\only<2>{\img{mlm_MonolithicLensletModule}}
\only<3>{\img{SHA_BTA}}
\only<4>{\img{favaris01}}\end{columns}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Zemax}
\only<1>{\img{mirr_Coma}}
\only<2>{\img{fft-mtf}}
\only<3>{\img{matrix-spot}}
\only<4>{\img{ray-fan}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{òÁÄÉÏÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{cross_cor}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ó×ÅÒÈÄÌÉÎÎÁÑ ÂÁÚÁ}òóäâ--ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒ. äÁÎÎÙÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏ. äÁÌÅÅ
ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÒÒÅÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÁ. ë×ÁÚÁÒ--ë÷ï.
\end{block}\end{columns}\img[0.9]{quasar}
\end{frame}
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\end{document} \end{document}
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\usepackage{lect}
\title[ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ]{éÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ × ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÉÑÈ ÇÅÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÏÊ É ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÊ ÏÐÔÉËÉ}
\date{4 ÍÁÒÔÁ 2018 ÇÏÄÁ}
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% ôÉÔÕÌ
\bgroup\setbeamercolor{normal text}{bg=black}
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
\end{frame}\egroup
\logo{}
% óÏÄÅÒÖÁÎÉÅ
\begin{frame}
\tableofcontents
\end{frame}
\section{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ËÁË ËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ}
\begin{frame}{èÏÄ ÌÕÞÅÊ × ÌÉÎÚÅ}
\only<1>{éÄÅÁÌØÎÁÑ (ÔÏÎËÁÑ) ÌÉÎÚÁ. \img{thin_lens}}
%\only<2>{ôÏÌÓÔÁÑ ÌÉÎÚÁ, ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ É ÔÏÞËÉ. \img{pripl}}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{ëÏÎÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÓÅÞÅÎÉÑ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}óÆÅÒÁ. óÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{spherical_mirror}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÁÒÁÂÏÌÁ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{parabola_with_focus_and_arbitrary_line}}
%\only<3>{\begin{block}{}üÌÌÉÐÓ, ÇÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÁ, ÐÁÒÁÂÏÌÁ.\end{block}\img{ell_par_hyp}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}ëÁÕÓÔÉËÁ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{Miroir-cercle}}
\end{blueframe}
\section{æÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ ÌÉÎÚÁÍÉ É ÚÅÒËÁÌÁÍÉ}
\begin{blueframe}{ðÒÉÎÃÉÐ çÀÊÇÅÎÓÁ--æÒÅÎÅÌÑ}
\only<1>{\begin{defin}çÉÐÏÔÅÚÁ: ËÁÖÄÙÊ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔ ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÇÏ ÆÒÏÎÔÁ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÁÓÓÍÁÔÒÉ×ÁÔØ ËÁË ÃÅÎÔÒ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÇÏ ×ÏÚÍÕÝÅÎÉÑ, ÐÏÒÏÖÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÙÅ ÓÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ×ÏÌÎÙ, Á ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÉÒÕÀÝÅÅ Ó×ÅÔÏ×ÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ × ËÁÖÄÏÊ ÔÏÞËÅ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Á ÂÕÄÅÔ ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÔØÓÑ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÅÊ ÜÔÉÈ ×ÏÌÎ.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
çÕÓÔÁ× ëÉÒÈÇÏÆ ÐÒÉÄÁÌ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÕ çÀÊÇÅÎÓÁ ÓÔÒÏÇÉÊ ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ×ÉÄ, ÐÏËÁÚÁ×, ÞÔÏ ÅÇÏ ÍÏÖÎÏ ÓÞÉÔÁÔØ ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÎÏÊ ÆÏÒÍÏÊ ÔÅÏÒÅÍÙ, ÎÁÚÙ×ÁÅÍÏÊ ÉÎÔÅÇÒÁÌØÎÏÊ ÔÅÏÒÅÍÏÊ ëÉÒÈÇÏÆÁ.
æÒÏÎÔÏÍ ×ÏÌÎÙ ÔÏÞÅÞÎÏÇÏ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ × ÏÄÎÏÒÏÄÎÏÍ ÉÚÏÔÒÏÐÎÏÍ ÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÓÔ×Å Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÓÆÅÒÁ. áÍÐÌÉÔÕÄÁ ×ÏÚÍÕÝÅÎÉÑ ×Ï ×ÓÅÈ ÔÏÞËÁÈ ÓÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÆÒÏÎÔÁ ×ÏÌÎÙ, ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÑÀÝÅÊÓÑ ÏÔ ÔÏÞÅÞÎÏÇÏ ÉÓÔÏÞÎÉËÁ, ÏÄÉÎÁËÏ×Á.
äÁÌØÎÅÊÛÉÍ ÏÂÏÂÝÅÎÉÅÍ É ÒÁÚ×ÉÔÉÅÍ ÐÒÉÎÃÉÐÁ çÀÊÇÅÎÓÁ Ñ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ÆÏÒÍÕÌÉÒÏ×ËÁ ÞÅÒÅÚ ÉÎÔÅÇÒÁÌÙ ÐÏ ÔÒÁÅËÔÏÒÉÑÍ, ÓÌÕÖÁÝÁÑ ÏÓÎÏ×ÏÊ ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÏÊ Ë×ÁÎÔÏ×ÏÊ ÍÅÈÁÎÉËÉ. ðÒÉÎÃÉÐ æÅÒÍÁ "--- ÎÁÉÍÅÎØÛÅÅ ×ÒÅÍÑ ÒÁÓÐÒÏÓÔÒÁÎÅÎÉÑ. ðÒÉÎÃÉÐ ÎÁÉÍÅÎØÛÅÇÏ ÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÑ çÁÍÉÌØÔÏÎÁ.
\end{block}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÒÉÎÃÉÐ æÅÒÍÁ.\end{block}\img[0.7]{Least_action_principle}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}òÅÆÒÁËÃÉÑ. (òÏÔÁ ÓÏÌÄÁÔ, ÍÑÞ). úÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏÓÔØ ÓËÏÒÏÓÔÉ Ó×ÅÔÁ ÏÔ ÄÌÉÎÙ ×ÏÌÎÙ.\end{block}
\img[0.7]{Refraction_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle}}
\only<4>{\begin{block}{}äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ ÎÁ ÝÅÌÉ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{Refraction_on_an_aperture_-_Huygens-Fresnel_principle}}
%\only<5>{\begin{block}{}ïÐÔÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÒÁÚÎÏÓÔØ ÈÏÄÁ.\end{block}\img[0.8]{Huygens_Refracted_Waves}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{úÁËÏÎ óÎÅÌÌÉÕÓÁ}
\begin{defin}÷ÉÌÌÅÂÒÏÒÄ óÎÅÌÌØ (ÇÏÌÌ), ÎÁÞÁÌÏ XVII~×ÅËÁ:\hspace{1em}
$\displaystyle\frac{\sin\theta_2}{\sin\theta_1}=\frac{v_2}{v_1}=\frac{n_1}{n_2}$\end{defin}
\img[0.8]{snells_law}
(äÏ óÎÅÌÌÑ ÚÁËÏÎ ÏÐÉÓÁÌ ÐÅÒÓ. ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉË ÉÂÎ óÁÈÌØ, ËÏÔÏÒÙÊ Ë ÔÏÍÕ ÖÅ ÚÁÎÉÍÁÌÓÑ É ÁÓÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÐÔÉËÏÊ)
\end{frame}
\subsection{ðÁÒÁËÓÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\begin{frame}{ðÁÒÁËÓÉÁÌØÎÁÑ (ÇÁÕÓÓÏ×Á) ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\begin{defin}\textbf{ðÁÒÁËÓÉÁÌØÎÏÅ ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÉÅ} × ÇÅÏÍÅÔÒÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÐÔÉËÅ "--- ÒÁÓÓÍÏÔÒÅÎÉÅ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÌÕÞÅÊ, ÉÄÕÝÉÈ ÐÏÄ ÍÁÌÙÍÉ ÕÇÌÁÍÉ Ë ÇÌÁ×ÎÏÊ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÓÉ.\end{defin}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
$\sin\theta\approx\theta$, $\tg\theta\approx\theta$ É $\cos\theta\approx 1$. ðÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÉÅ ×ÔÏÒÏÇÏ ÐÏÒÑÄËÁ (ÒÑÄ ôÅÊÌÏÒÁ): $ \cos\theta\approx 1-{\theta ^{2} \over 2}$. ïÛÉÂËÁ ÎÅ ÂÏÌÅÅ 0.5\% ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ $\theta=10^\circ$.
äÌÑ Â\'ÏÌØÛÉÈ ÕÇÌÏ× ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÒÁÚÌÉÞÁÔØ ÍÅÒÉÄÉÏÎÁÌØÎÙÅ (ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔØ <<ÏÓÎÏ×ÎÏÊ ÌÕÞ+ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÏÓØ>>) É ÓÁÇÇÉÔÁÌØÎÙÅ ÌÕÞÉ.
\end{block}
\column{0.6\textwidth}
\img{saggmerid}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{æÏÒÍÕÌÁ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ}
\begin{block}{æÏÒÍÕÌÁ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ.}
$$\frac1{S_1}+\frac1{S_2}=\frac1{f}$$
\end{block}
\img{Lens3}
\end{frame}
\subsection{÷ÏÌÎÏ×ÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\begin{frame}{äÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ}
\img{refdisp}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{éÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÑ}
\only<1,2>{\begin{defin}\textbf{éÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÑ ×ÏÌÎ} "---
×ÚÁÉÍÎÏÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÉÌÉ ÕÍÅÎØÛÅÎÉÅ ÒÅÚÕÌØÔÉÒÕÀÝÅÊ ÁÍÐÌÉÔÕÄÙ Ä×ÕÈ ÉÌÉ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÉÈ ËÏÇÅÒÅÎÔÎÙÈ ×ÏÌÎ ÐÒÉ ÉÈ ÎÁÌÏÖÅÎÉÉ ÄÒÕÇ ÎÁ ÄÒÕÇÁ.\end{defin}}
\only<1>{\img[0.9]{interference3a}}
\only<2>{\img[0.9]{interference3}}
\only<3>{\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ïÐÙÔ àÎÇÁ}
ôÏÍÁÓ àÎÇ, 1803. ûÉÒÉÎÁ ÝÅÌÅÊ ÐÒÉÂÌÉÚÉÔÅÌØÎÏ ÒÁ×ÎÁ ÄÌÉÎÅ ×ÏÌÎÙ ÉÚÌÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ Ó×ÅÔÁ.
äÏËÁÚÁÔÅÌØÓÔ×Ï ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÊ ÐÒÉÒÏÄÙ Ó×ÅÔÁ.
éÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ËÁÒÔÉÎÁ ×ÏÚÎÉËÁÅÔ ÎÁ ÜËÒÁÎÅ, ËÏÇÄÁ ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÐÒÏÒÅÚÅÊ ÂÌÉÚËÁ Ë ÄÌÉÎÅ ×ÏÌÎÙ ÉÚÌÕÞÁÅÍÏÇÏ ÍÏÎÏÈÒÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ Ó×ÅÔÁ. åÓÌÉ ÛÉÒÉÎÕ ÐÒÏÒÅÚÅÊ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÉ×ÁÔØ, ÔÏ ÏÓ×ÅÝ£ÎÎÏÓÔØ ÜËÒÁÎÁ ÂÕÄÅÔ ×ÏÚÒÁÓÔÁÔØ, ÎÏ ËÏÎÔÒÁÓÔ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÅÎÃÉÏÎÎÏÊ ËÁÒÔÉÎÙ ÂÕÄÅÔ ÐÁÄÁÔØ ×ÐÌÏÔØ ÄÏ ÐÏÌÎÏÇÏ Å£ ÉÓÞÅÚÎÏ×ÅÎÉÑ.
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{interference4}
\end{columns}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{defin}\textbf{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ} "--- Ñ×ÌÅÎÉÅ ÏÔËÌÏÎÅÎÉÑ ×ÏÌÎ ÏÔ ÐÒÑÍÏÌÉÎÅÊÎÏÇÏ ÐÒÉ ×ÚÁÉÍÏÄÅÊÓÔ×ÉÉ Ó ÐÒÅÐÑÔÓÔ×ÉÅÍ.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
$b\sin\phi=k\lambda$. äÉÓË üÊÒÉ: $\sin \theta_{min1} \approx 1.22 \frac{\lambda}{d} $
æÏÒÍÕÌÁ üÊÒÉ: $s''=\frac{2.76}{a}$ ($a$ × ÄÀÊÍÁÈ).
\end{block}\vspace*{-1.5em}
\img[0.8]{Airy-pattern}
\column{0.38\textwidth}\vspace{-1em}
\img[0.9]{Wave_Diffraction_4Lambda_Slit}
\vspace*{-2em}\img{diff_slit}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ}
\subsection{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ}
\only<1>{çÁÌÉÌÅÑ\\\vspace*{-2em}\img[0.6]{galileoscopes}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.6]{galileo_rays}}
\only<2>{ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ\img[0.9]{keplerian_ray}}
\end{frame}
\subsection{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\begin{block}{}îØÀÔÏÎÁ (1668)\end{block}\begin{columns}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{NewtonsTelescopeReplica}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\blueimg{Newtonian_telescope}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{áÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÉ}
\begin{blueframe}{èÒÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ}
\only<1>{\img{Chromatic_aberration_lens_diagram}}
\only<2>{\img{achromatic}}
\only<3>{\blue{áÐÏÈÒÏÍÁÔ}\img{Apochromat}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{blueframe}{íÏÎÏÈÒÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÉ}
\only<1>{\blue{óÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ, $\propto(D/F)^3$}\\
\igh{Spherical_aberration_1}\igh{Spherical_aberration_2}}
\only<2>{\vspace*{-1em}\vbox to 0pt{\blue{ëÏÍÁ, $\propto(D/F)^2$}}\img{Lens-coma}}
\only<3>{\vspace*{-1em}\vbox to 0pt{\blue{áÓÔÉÇÍÁÔÉÚÍ, $\propto(D/F)$}}\img{meridional-sagittal-planes}}
\only<4>{\vspace*{-1em}\vbox to 0pt{\blue{äÉÓÔÏÒÓÉÑ}}\img{distortion}}
\only<5>{\blue{ëÒÉ×ÉÚÎÁ ÐÏÌÑ "--- ÆÏËÁÌØÎÁÑ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔØ <<ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ>>}\\
\igh{Field_curvature}\igh{Keplerspacecraft-FocalPlane-cutout}}
\end{blueframe}
\subsection{éÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÊ}
\begin{frame}{ôÅÓÔ æÕËÏ}
\cols{\col{0.6}
\begin{block}{}
1858, L\'eon Foucault. éÚÎÁÞÁÌØÎÏ "--- ÉÚ ÃÅÎÔÒÁ ËÒÉ×ÉÚÎÙ ÚÅÒËÁÌÁ ÐÒÉ ÅÇÏ ÛÌÉÆÏ×ÁÎÉÉ.
\end{block}\img{Foucault-Test_1}
\col{0.4}\img{Foucault_test}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎÁ}
\img[0.9]{hartmann}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ ûÁËÁ-çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎÁ}
\img{shag}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ òÏÄÄØÅ}
\img[0.8]{Roddiergrab}
\end{frame}
\section{ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\begin{frame}{ïÓÎÏ×ÎÙÅ ÈÁÒÁËÔÅÒÉÓÔÉËÉ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
\textbf{òÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ} $\theta =1.220\dfrac\lambda{D}=\dfrac{16.4}{D}$ $''/$ÓÍ ÄÌÑ 650\,ÎÍ.\\
\textbf{õÇÌÏ×ÏÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ} $\Gamma=\dfrac{F}{f}$, ÍÉÎÉÍÁÌØÎÏÅ: $\Gamma=\dfrac{D}{D_{ep}}$.\\
\textbf{ðÏÌÅ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ} $\omega=\dfrac\Omega\Gamma$ ($\Omega$~-- ÐÏÌÅ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÏËÕÌÑÒÁ).\\
\textbf{ó×ÅÔÏÓÉÌÁ} $A=\dfrac{D}{F}$, ÏÐÒÅÄÅÌÑÅÔ ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔØ × ÆÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ.\\
\textbf{ïÔÎÏÓÉÔÅÌØÎÏÅ ÏÔ×ÅÒÓÔÉÅ} $F\#=1/A=F/D$.\\
\textbf{ðÒÏÎÉÃÁÀÝÁÑ ÓÉÌÁ} $m$~-- ÎÁÉÂÏÌÅÅ ÓÌÁÂÙÅ Ú×ÅÚÄÙ (× ÚÅÎÉÔÅ) ÎÁÄ ÆÏÎÏÍ.\\
\textbf{íÁÓÛÔÁÂ} $u=\dfrac {206265}{F}''/$ÍÍ.
\end{block}
\column{0.37\textwidth}
\img{Airy_disk_spacing_near_Rayleigh_criterion}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÁÓËÁ âÁÈÔÉÎÏ×Á}
\only<1>{\img[0.6]{Bahtinov_mask}}
\only<2>{\img{Bahtinov_mask_example}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ðÒÅÉÍÕÝÅÓÔ×Á ÒÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÏ× ÎÁÄ ÒÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÁÍÉ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒ}
îÅÔ ÈÒÏÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÉ.\\
óÔÏÉÍÏÓÔØ ÎÉÖÅ.\\
ôÒÕÂÁ ËÏÍÐÁËÔÎÅÊ.\\
ðÏÌÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÏÌØËÏ ÏÄÎÕ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔØ.\\
ðÏÓÁÄËÁ ÐÏ ×ÓÅÊ ÐÌÏÝÁÄÉ ÚÅÒËÁÌÁ.\\
ïÓÎÏ×ÎÁÑ ÍÁÓÓÁ ×ÎÉÚÕ ÔÒÕÂÙ.\\
\end{block}
\begin{block}{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒ}
îÅÔ ÄÉÆÒÁËÃÉÏÎÎÏÇÏ ËÒÅÓÔÁ ÏÔ ÒÁÓÔÑÖÅË.\\
îÅ ÎÁÄÏ ÐÅÒÅÁÌÀÍÉÎÉÒÏ×ÁÔØ.\\
îÅ ÎÕÖÎÁ ËÏÌÌÉÍÁÃÉÑ ÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÏ×.\\
úÁËÒÙÔÁÑ ÔÒÕÂÁ "--- ÍÅÎØÛÅ ÇÒÑÚÉ.\\
\end{block}
\column{0.48\textwidth}\img{refrVSrefl}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{íÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ}
\begin{frame}{üË×ÁÔÏÒÉÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ}
\only<1>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}\img[0.9]{fraunh_tel}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{1824, êÏÚÅÆ ÆÏÎ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒ}
ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ÏÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÉ ôÁÒÔÕ. çÅÒÍÁÎÓËÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ.
÷ 1853 Ç. àÓÔÕÓ ÆÏÎ ìÉÂÉÈ ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÉÌ ÍÅÔÏÄ ×ÙÄÅÌÅÎÉÑ ÍÅÔÁÌÌÉÞÅÓËÏÇÏ ÓÅÒÅÂÒÁ ÉÚ ÒÁÓÔ×ÏÒÁ
ÎÉÔÒÁÔÁ ÓÅÒÅÂÒÁ ÄÌÑ ÓÅÒÅÂÒÅÎÉÑ ÓÔÅËÌÁ. ÷ 1856-57~ÇÇ. ëÁÒÌ á×ÇÕÓÔ ÆÏÎ ûÔÁÊÎÈÅÊÌØ É ìÅÏÎ
æÕËÏ
(ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏ) ×ÐÅÒ×ÙÅ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÌÉ ÜÔÏÔ ÍÅÔÏÄ.
\end{block}\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\vspace*{-1.4em}
\img{100_inch_Hooker_Telescope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ èÕËÅÒÁ}
100 ÄÀÊÍÏ×, 1917~Ç. áÎÇÌÉÊÓËÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ <<Ó ÑÒÍÏÍ>>.
ïÂÓÅÒ×ÁÔÏÒÉÑ íÁÕÎÔ ÷ÉÌÓÏÎ.
ëÒÕÐÎÅÊÛÉÊ ÄÏ 1949~Ç.
÷ 1935~Ç. ÓÅÒÅÂÒÑÎÏÅ ÐÏËÒÙÔÉÅ ÓÍÅÎÅÎÏ ÁÌÀÍÉÎÉÅ×ÙÍ (äÖÏÎ äÏÎÁ×ÁÎ
óÔÒÏÎÇ, ËÁÌÔÅÈ, 1932~Ç.).\end{block}\end{columns}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{áÌØÔ-ÁÚÉÍÕÔÁÌØÎÁÑ ÍÏÎÔÉÒÏ×ËÁ}
\img[0.9]{bta_telescope}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{áÌØÔ-ÁÌØÔ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\img{Baker-Nunn_camera_001}\column{0.38\textwidth}
\begin{block}{Baker--Nunn camera}
ïÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÕÅÔ <<ÓÌÅÐÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ>> ÏËÏÌÏ ÚÅÎÉÔÁ. þÁÓÔÏ ×ËÌÀÞÁÅÔ ÁÚÉÍÕÔÁÌØÎÕÀ ÏÓØ.\\[1em]
üË×ÁÔÏÒÉÁÌØÎÁÑ "--- ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏ ÒÁÚÇÒÕÚÉÔØ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ, ÏÞÅÎØ ÍÁÓÓÉ×ÎÁÑ ËÏÎÓÔÒÕËÃÉÑ, Õ ÎÅËÏÔÏÒÙÈ
ÔÉÐÏ× ÅÓÔØ <<ÓÌÅÐÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ>> Õ ÐÏÌÀÓÁ.\\[1em]
áÌØÔ--ÁÚÉÍÕÔÁÌØÎÁÑ "--- ×ÒÁÝÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÌÑ, <<ÓÌÅÐÁÑ ÚÏÎÁ>>, ÓÌÏÖÎÏÅ ÕÐÒÁ×ÌÅÎÉÅ, ÎÏ ÐÒÏÓÔÁÑ ÍÅÈÁÎÉËÁ.
\end{block}\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ïÄÎÏ- É ÍÎÏÇÏÜÌÅÍÅÎÔÎÙÅ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÙ}
\only<1>{ðÁÓÓÉ×ÎÙÅ ÒÁÚÇÒÕÚËÉ âôá.\img[0.9]{btamir0}}
\only<2>{áËÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÒÁÚÇÒÕÚËÁ 1-Í ÚÅÒËÁÌÁ ESO (1987, NTT)\img[0.9]{1-m}}
\only<3>{âÏÌØÛÏÊ íÁÇÅÌÌÁÎÏ× ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ (GMT, ìÁÓ-ëÁÍÐÁÎÁÓ, þÉÌÉ). \img[0.9]{GMT-3}}
\only<4>{ãÅÎÔÒÁÌØÎÏÅ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ GMT. \img[0.9]{gmt_Central}}
\only<5>{\img[0.9]{Telescope-mount-detail}}
\only<6>{39-Í ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ E-ELT (ÇÏÒÁ áÒÍÁÓÏÎÅÓ, þÉÌÉ).
\img[0.9]{AAS-TMT-calendar-800}}
\only<7>{óÅÇÍÅÎÔÙ E-ELT (798 ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÏ× ÐÏ 1.45\,Í)\img[0.9]{eelt_seg}}
\only<8>{óÅÇÍÅÎÔÙ Keck\img[0.9]{keck_segment}}
\end{frame}
\section{óÈÏÄÓÔ×Á É ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÑ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÈ É ÒÁÄÉÏÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\begin{blueframe}{óÈÏÄÓÔ×Á É ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÑ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÈ É ÒÁÄÉÏÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×}
\begin{block}{}\textbf{ïÂÝÉÅ ÞÅÒÔÙ}: ËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÁÃÉÑ ÐÁÄÁÀÝÅÇÏ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ × ÆÏËÁÌØÎÏÊ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ.\\
\textbf{òÁÚÎÏÅ}: ÄÌÉÎÁ ×ÏÌÎÙ $\Arr$ ÍÁÔÅÒÉÁÌ É ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔÉ; ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÊ
(ÒÁÄÉÏ×ÏÌÎÙ ÐÒÏÈÏÄÑÔ ÓË×ÏÚØ ÏÂÌÁËÁ); ÒÁÚÎÙÅ ÚÁÄÁÞÉ (ÆÉÚÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÕÓÌÏ×ÉÑ, ×ÙÚ×Á×ÛÉÅ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ;
ÐÏÇÌÏÝÅÎÉÅ ÍÅÖÚ×ÅÚÄÎÏÊ ÓÒÅÄÏÊ É Ô.Ð.; ÒÁÚÌÉÞÉÅ ÍÅÔÏÄÏ× ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÉ).
\end{block}\img[0.6]{EM_Spectrum_Properties_edit}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{éÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}\textbf{áÓÔÒÏÎÏÍÉÞÅÓËÉÊ ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒ} ~--- ÓÏ×ÏËÕÐÎÏÓÔØ ÏÔÄÅÌØÎÙÈ
ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ×, ÓÅÇÍÅÎÔÏ× ÚÅÒËÁÌ ÉÌÉ ÁÎÔÅÎÎ, ÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÀÝÉÈ ÅÄÉÎÏÅ ÃÅÌÏÅ ÄÌÑ ÐÏ×ÙÛÅÎÉÑ ÕÇÌÏ×ÏÇÏ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÑ.
ðÏÌÕÞÅÎÉÅ ×ÙÓÏËÉÈ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÊ ÎÁ ÍÁÌÙÈ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁÈ.\end{block}
\img{Interferometer}}
\only<2>{\img[0.9]{keck_inter}}
\only<3>{\img[0.9]{keck}}
\only<4>{VLT. \img[0.65]{VLT_inter}}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{}
\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{Astronomical_interferometer_line_geometry}
\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}òÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ (ÄÏ $0.001^m$) ËÏÍÐÏÎÅÎÔ Ä×ÏÊÎÙÈ Ú×ÅÚÄ, ÐÏÉÓË ÜËÚÏÐÌÁÎÅÔ. éÚÍÅÒÅÎÉÅ
Ä×ÉÖÅÎÉÑ Ú×ÅÚÄ (ÓÄ×ÉÇÉ ÐÏÌÏÓ) ÉÌÉ ÎÅÐÏÓÒÅÄÓÔ×ÅÎÎÏ ÐÌÁÎÅÔ (<<ÏÂÎÕÌÑÀÝÁÑ>> ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ,
Keck).
\end{block}\end{columns}
\end{blueframe}
\section{çÒÁÎÉÃÙ ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÓÔÅÊ ÎÁÚÅÍÎÙÈ ÉÎÓÔÒÕÍÅÎÔÏ×}
\begin{blueframe}{úÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÁ}
\begin{block}{úÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÁ}
îÁÚÅÍÎÁÑ ÁÓÔÒÏÆÉÚÉËÁ ÓÉÌØÎÏ ÓÖÁÔÁ × ÓÐÅËÔÒÁÌØÎÏÍ ÄÉÁÐÁÚÏÎÅ ÚÅÍÎÏÊ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÏÊ.
\end{block}
\img{Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{ëÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ (seeing)}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\vspace{-2em}\begin{block}{}
\small\begin{itemize}
\item ðÏÌÕÛÉÒÉÎÁ (FWHM) ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ Ú×ÅÚÄÙ.
\item $r_0$ (ÔÉÐÉÞÎÙÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ ÎÅÏÄÎÏÒÏÄÎÏÓÔÉ "--- ÐÁÒÁÍÅÔÒ æÒÉÄÁ) É $t_0$ (<<×ÒÅÍÑ ÚÁÍÏÒÏÚËÉ>>).
\item ðÒÏÆÉÌØ $C_{N^2}$ (ÍÏÖÅÔ ÉÚÍÅÒÑÔØÓÑ ÎÁÐÒÑÍÕÀ, ÎÁÐÒ. MASS).
\end{itemize}
\end{block}\vspace{-1.5em}\img{seeing3}\vspace{-0.5em}\hbox to 0pt{{\small îÁÉÌÕÞÛÅÅ ÍÅÓÔÏ "---
ÇÏÒÙ ÐÏÓÒÅÄÉ ÏËÅÁÎÁ.}}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\vspace{-1em}\begin{block}{}\small
÷ÁÒÉÁÃÉÑ ÆÁÚÙ ÷æ ÎÁ ×ÈÏÄÎÏÊ ÁÐÅÒÔÕÒÅ: $\sigma^2=1.0299\bigl(\dfrac{d}{r_0}\bigr)^{5/3}$.\\
$$r_0=\left(\frac{16.7\lambda^{-2}}{\cos Z}\int_0^\infty
C_{N}^2(h)\,dh\right)^{-3/5}$$
\end{block}\vspace{-1em}\img[0.8]{mass_idea}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\section{ëÏÍÐÅÎÓÁÃÉÑ ×ÌÉÑÎÉÑ ÁÔÍÏÓÆÅÒÙ}
\begin{frame}{Tip-tilt ËÏÒÒÅËÃÉÑ}
\img{bta_N2_prefocal}
\end{frame}
\def\FT#1{\mathcal{F}(#1)}
\begin{frame}{óÐÅËÌ--ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\only<1>{\img{speckles}}
\only<2>{\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
1970, Antoine Labeyrie "--- ÍÁÔÅÍÁÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÏÓÎÏ×Ù óé (ÍÅÔÏÄÙ æÕÒØÅ-ÁÎÁÌÉÚÁ).\\
\textbf{óÐÅËÔÒ ÍÏÝÎÏÓÔÉ}~-- âðæ ÐÏÌÕÉÎ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÁ 2 ÐÏÒÑÄËÁ (ÎÁÐÒ. Á×ÔÏËÏÒÒÅÌÑÃÉÉ).
\textbf{âÉÓÐÅËÔÒ}~-- âðæ ÐÏÌÕÉÎ×ÁÒÉÁÎÔÁ 3 ÐÏÒÑÄËÁ. ôÅÏÒÅÍÁ Ó×ÅÒÔËÉ:
$\FT{f*g}=\FT{f}\cdot\FT{g}$ $\Arr$ ÂÉÓÐÅËÔÒ
$B(f_1,f_2)=\mathcal{F}^{*}(f_1+f_2)\cdot\FT{f_1}\cdot\FT{f_2}$.
\end{block}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\img{WR_speckle_restored}\end{columns}}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{áÄÁÐÔÉ×ÎÁÑ ÏÐÔÉËÁ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}
Horace W. Babcock, 1953 "--- ÔÅÏÒÉÑ áï. âÕÒÎÏÅ ÒÁÚ×ÉÔÉÅ × 90-È × ÒÁÍËÁÈ ÈÏÌÏÄÎÏÊ ×ÏÊÎÙ.
éÓËÕÓÓÔ×ÅÎÎÁÑ Ú×ÅÚÄÁ, tip-tilt ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ, ÄÅÆÏÒÍÉÒÕÅÍÏÅ ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ, ÄÅÌÉÔÅÌØ ÐÕÞËÁ, ÄÁÔÞÉË ×ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÇÏ
ÆÒÏÎÔÁ.
\end{block}\img[0.8]{Adaptive_optics_system_full}}
\only<2>{\smimg[0.5]{VLTdefmir}\smimg[0.5]{Ferrofluid_Deformable_mirror}}
\only<3>{\vspace*{-1em}\begin{block}{}
$30\div60\,$mas. éÓËÕÓÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÅ Ú×ÅÚÄÙ: Ú×ÅÚÄÙ òÜÌÅÑ (ÂÌÉÖÎÉÊ éë, $15\div25$~ËÍ) É
ÎÁÔÒÉÅ×ÙÅ ($80\div100$~ËÍ, 589~ÎÍ).
\end{block}
\img{cfht_adaptive_optics}\textcolor{black}{ôÏÌØËÏ ÄÌÑ ÑÒËÉÈ ÏÂßÅËÔÏ×!}}
\only<4>{\img[0.85]{VLT_artif_star}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{Lucky-imaging, Superresolution}
\smimg[0.33]{Lucky_Single_Exposure_Strehl_16Percent}\hfil
\smimg[0.33]{Lucky_sum_all}\hfil
\smimg[0.33]{Lucky_best_1percent_averaging}
\begin{block}{}
ëÕÂ ÄÁÎÎÙÈ Ó ÜËÓÐÏÚÉÃÉÑÍÉ $10\div50\,$ÍÓ.
óÏ×ÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ ÓÎÉÍËÏ× Ó ÎÁÉÍÅÎØÛÉÍ ÞÉÓÌÏÍ ûÔÒÅÌÑ.
õÓÒÅÄÎÅÎÉÅ.
éÔÏÇ: ÂÙÌÏ 900\,mas, ÓÔÁÌÏ 40!
äÌÑ ÍÁÌÙÈ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÏ× ($D\le r_0$) ÜÔÏ Superresolution.
\end{block}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{}
\img[0.85]{optelcomp}
\end{frame}
\section{ëÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ}
\begin{frame}{ëÏÓÍÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÙ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}
\img{Hipparcos-testing-estec}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}
1989--1993, Hipparcos "--- High Precision Parallax Collecting Satellite. 29-ÓÍ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ!
1mas. ëÁÔÁÌÏÇÉ Hipparcos (>118\,ÔÙÓ, 1997), Tycho (1\,ÍÌÎ, 1997) É Tycho-2 (2.5\,ÍÌÎ, 2000,
ÂÏÌÅÅ ÔÏÞÎÙÊ).
óÌÅÄÕÀÝÁÑ "--- ÍÉÓÓÉÑ Gaia (2013, $1.45\times0.5\,$Í).s
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{}
\vspace*{-1em}
\img[0.6]{HST-SM4}\vspace*{-1em}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ÉÍ.~èÁÂÂÌÁ}
2.4~Í ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ.
1978 "--- ÓÔÁÒÔÏ×ÏÅ ÆÉÎÁÎÓÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ, 36~ÍÌÎ.ÄÌÒ.
1986 "--- ÏÂÝÉÊ ÂÀÄÖÅÔ ÐÒÏÅËÔÁ ×ÙÒÏÓ ÄÏ 1.175~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ.
25 ÁÐÒÅÌÑ 1990~Ç. "--- ÚÁÐÕÓË "--- $\Sum$ 2.5~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ.
1999 "--- ÏËÏÌÏ 6~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ. + 593~ÍÌÎ.Å×Ò. ÏÔ åëá.
þÅÔÙÒÅ ÜËÓÐÅÄÉÃÉÉ.
\end{block}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{}
\img{Hubble_Probes_the_Early_Universe}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.6\textwidth}\vspace*{-2em}
\img{Kepler_Space_Telescope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ}
2009--2013, 2013--, ÐÏÉÓË ÜËÚÏÐÌÁÎÅÔ É ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ Ú×ÅÚÄ. 0.95~Í ÁÐÅÒÔÕÒÁ, ÚÅÒËÁÌÏ 1.4~Í (ËÁÍÅÒÁ
ûÍÉÄÔÁ).
42 ðúó 2200x1024.
$\sim0.5$~ÍÌÒÄ.ÄÌÒ.
ãÅÌØ "--- 13.2\,ÍÌÎ. Ú×ÅÚÄ. ôÏÌØËÏ × 2009\,Ç ÂÙÌÏ ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÏ 7500 ÐÅÒÅÍÅÎÎÙÈ Ú×ÅÚÄ × ÓÐÉÓËÅ ÃÅÌÅÊ
ÎÁ ÐÏÉÓËÉ ÜËÚÏÐÌÁÎÅÔ.
ë ÍÁÀ 2016 ÏÂÎÁÒÕÖÅÎÏ 1284 ÐÌÁÎÅÔÙ (ÉÚ ÎÉÈ 550 ËÁÍÅÎÎÙÈ, 9 × ÏÂÉÔÁÅÍÏÊ ÚÏÎÅ).
\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{}
\img[0.6]{Space_telescopes}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ïÐÔÉÞÅÓËÉÅ ÎÅÂÙÌÉÃÙ}
<<çÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÏÉÄ ÉÎÖÅÎÅÒÁ çÁÒÉÎÁ>> "--- Ó×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ ÐÏÔÏËÁ ÉÚÌÕÞÅÎÉÑ × Ó×ÅÒÈÔÏÎËÉÊ ÐÕÞÏË: ÎÕÌÅ×ÏÊ ÒÁÚÍÅÒ
ÏÓ×ÅÔÉÔÅÌÑ, ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÊ, ÏÔÓÕÔÓÔ×ÉÅ ÄÉÆÒÁËÃÉÉ.
úÁ ÂÏÌØÛÏÅ ÐÏÌÅ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ ÐÒÉÈÏÄÉÔÓÑ ÐÌÁÔÉÔØ ÍÁÌÙÍ ÕÓÉÌÅÎÉÅÍ. úÁËÏÎ ìÁÇÒÁÎÖÁ--çÅÌØÍÇÏÌØÃÁ: $\alpha
yn=\alpha' y'n'$.
îÅÏÂÒÁÔÉÍÙÅ Ñ×ÌÅÎÉÑ: ÄÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ, ÒÁÓÓÅÑÎÉÅ, ÐÏÇÌÏÝÅÎÉÅ.
\textbf{õÇÌÏ×ÏÅ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ}. ú×ÅÚÄÙ ($\Delta$~-- ÚÒÁÞÏË ÇÌÁÚÁ):
$$\frac{L}{L_0}=\left(\frac{D}{D_{out}}\right)^2\left(\frac{D_{out}}{\Delta}\right)^2=
\left(\frac{D}{\Delta}\right)^2.$$
ïÄÎÁËÏ, ËÁÞÅÓÔ×Ï ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ: seeing$\,\sim1''$ $\Arr$ $1'$. îÅÔ ÓÍÙÓÌÁ × Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÉ ÂÏÌØÛÅ
$\times120$.
ðÌÁÎÅÔÙ É ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔÉ: ÐÒÉ ÒÁ×ÎÙÈ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÑÈ ÑÒËÏÓÔØ ÐÒÏÐÏÒÃÉÏÎÁÌØÎÁ $D^2$.
äÌÑ ×ÉÚÕÁÌØÎÙÈ ÎÁÂÌÀÄÅÎÉÊ ÎÅÔ ÓÍÙÓÌÁ ÉÓÐÏÌØÚÏ×ÁÔØ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ÂÏÌÅÅ 0.5\,Í!!!
á ÍÏÖÎÏ ÌÉ Õ×ÉÄÅÔØ ÓÌÅÄÙ ÁÍÅÒÉËÁÎÃÅ× ÎÁ ìÕÎÅ? 50-ÍÅÔÒÏ×ÙÊ ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐ Ó ÉÄÅÁÌØÎÏÊ ÏÐÔÉËÏÊ ÎÁ ÏÒÂÉÔÅ
"--- ÚÁÐÒÏÓÔÏ!
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{óÐÁÓÉÂÏ ÚÁ ×ÎÉÍÁÎÉÅ!}
\centering
\begin{minipage}{5cm}
\begin{block}{mailto}
eddy@sao.ru\\
edward.emelianoff@gmail.com
\end{block}\end{minipage}
\end{frame}
\section{òÁÚÎÏÅ}
\begin{frame}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ËÁË ËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ. úÅÒËÁÌÏ}
\only<1,2>{\begin{block}{áÒÈÉÍÅÄ}
<<çÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÏÉÄ>> (212\,× ÄÏ Î.Ü.) "--- ÐÏÐÙÔËÁ ÓÖÅÞØ ÏÓÁÄÉ×ÛÉÊ ÒÉÍÓËÉÊ ÆÌÏÔ ÐÏÄ óÉÒÁËÕÚÁÍÉ ×Ï ×ÒÅÍÑ 2~ÐÕÎÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ×ÏÊÎÙ (218--201\,ÇÇ ÄÏ Î.Ü.).
\end{block}}
\only<1>{\img[0.7]{Giperboloid-Arhimeda}}
\only<2>{\img[0.85]{archimed}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}
úÁÖÖÅÎÉÅ ÏÌÉÍÐÉÊÓËÏÇÏ ÏÇÎÑ.
\end{block}\img[0.76]{olympic_torch_lighting}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ôÅÌÅÓËÏÐ ËÁË ËÏÎÃÅÎÔÒÁÔÏÒ ÜÎÅÒÇÉÉ. ìÉÎÚÁ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.45\textwidth}
\begin{defin}\textbf{ìÉÎÚÁ} "--- ÏÔ ÌÁÔ. <<lens>>~-- ÞÅÞÅ×ÉÃÁ.\end{defin}
\begin{block}{}
ðØÅÓÁ áÒÉÓÔÏÆÁÎÁ <<ïÂÌÁËÁ>> (424\,Ç. ÄÏ Î.Ü.) "--- ÄÏÂÙÞÁ ÏÇÎÑ.
äÒÅ×ÎÉÊ òÉÍ. ðÌÉÎÉÊ ÓÔÁÒÛÉÊ (23--79\,ÇÇ. Î.Ü.) "--- ÄÏÂÙÞÁ ÏÇÎÑ, ËÏÒÒÅËÃÉÑ ÚÒÅÎÉÑ (ÉÍÐÅÒÁÔÏÒ îÅÒÏÎ, ×ÏÇÎÕÔÙÊ ÉÚÕÍÒÕÄ).
áÌØÈÁÚÅÎ (965--1038\,ÇÇ. Î.Ü.) "--- ÔÒÁËÔÁÔ ÐÏ ÏÐÔÉËÅ, ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ ÇÌÁÚÏÍ.
1280-Å ÇÏÄÙ, éÔÁÌÉÑ (óÁÌØ×ÉÎÏ Ä'áÒÍÁÔÅ) "--- ÏÞËÉ.
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{Nimrud_lens_British_Museum}
\begin{block}{}ìÉÎÚÁ îÉÍÒÕÄÁ (750--710\,ÇÇ. ÄÏ Î.Ü.). îÉÍÒÕÄ "--- ÏÄÎÁ ÉÚ ÄÒÅ×ÎÉÈ ÓÔÏÌÉà áÓÓÉÒÉÉ.\end{block}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{ó×ÅÔÏ×ÁÑ ÜÎÅÒÇÅÔÉËÁ}
\textbf{óÌÀÓÁÒÅ× ç.ç.} ï ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÍ É ÎÅ×ÏÚÍÏÖÎÏÍ × ÏÐÔÉËÅ (1-Å ÉÚÄ. 1944, 2-Å ÉÚÄ. 1957).\\
\textbf{óÔÅÐÁÎÏ× â.é.} ÷×ÅÄÅÎÉÅ × ÓÏ×ÒÅÍÅÎÎÕÀ ÏÐÔÉËÕ\ldots, 1989.\\[1em]
íÁËÓÉÍÁÌØÎÙÊ ÐÏÔÏË ÏÔ óÏÌÎÃÁ: 2\,ËÁÌ/(ÍÉÎ$\cdot$ÓÍ${}^2$) (0.14\,÷Ô) $\Arr$ áþô ÎÁÇÒÅÅÔÓÑ ÎÅ ×ÙÛÅ
$120^\circ$C (0.16\,÷Ô/ÓÍ$^2$). ÷ÏÓÐÌÁÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ ÄÒÅ×ÅÓÉÎÙ "--- $500\div700^\circ$C ($2\div5\,$÷Ô).
\textbf{áÌØÂÅÄÏ}! $\Arr$ $20\div40\,$ÒÁÚ ×ÙÛÅ ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ ÏÔ óÏÌÎÃÁ (É ÄÅÓÑÔËÉ ÍÉÎÕÔ)! íÇÎÏ×ÅÎÎÏÅ
×ÏÓÐÌÁÍÅÎÅÎÉÅ "--- ÓÏÔÎÉ ×ÁÔÔ!
äÉÁÍÅÔÒ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÑ óÏÌÎÃÁ $d=F/110$ $\Arr$ ×ÙÉÇÒÙÛ × ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔÉ:
$\dfrac{E}{E_0}=\bigl(\dfrac{110\cdot D}{F}\bigr)^2$ $\Arr$ Ó×ÅÔÏÓÉÌÁ $D/F\ge1/2$!
3000 <<ÚÁÊÞÉËÏ×>> × ÏÄÎÕ ÔÏÞËÕ! îÏ ÁÌØÂÅÄÏ ÂÅÌÏÊ ËÒÁÓËÉ ÄÏ 80\%!!!
1747, ÆÒ. ÎÁÔÕÒÁÌÉÓÔ âÀÆÆÏÎ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÉÌ ÚÁÖÉÇÁÔÅÌØÎÙÊ ÐÒÉÂÏÒ ÉÚ 168 ÚÅÒËÁÌ $15\times20/,$ÓÍ (Ó
ÉÎÄÉ×ÉÄÕÁÌØÎÙÍÉ ÏÐÒÁ×ÁÍÉ). úÁ ÎÅÓËÏÌØËÏ ÍÉÎÕÔ ÎÁ ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÉ 47\,Í ÚÁÇÏÒÅÌÁÓØ ÓÍÏÌÉÓÔÁÑ ÄÏÓËÁ (ÐÏÞÔÉ
áþô). $E/E_0=36$. \\[1em]
<<úÎÁÍÑ-2>> + <<îÏ×ÙÊ Ó×ÅÔ>>, 4 ÆÅ×ÒÁÌÑ 1993. ðÁÒÕÓ ÄÉÁÍÅÔÒÏÍ 20\,Í (ÓÅËÔÏÒÁ). äÉÁÍÅÔÒ ÐÑÔÎÁ 8ËÍ,
ÏÓ×ÅÝÅÎÎÏÓÔØ ÓÒÁ×ÎÉÍÁ Ó ÐÏÌÎÏÊ ìÕÎÏÊ.
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{çÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ É ËÁÒÄÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ}
\only<1>{\vspace{-1em}
\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\begin{block}{}F/F'~-- ÐÅÒÅÄÎÑÑ É ÚÁÄÎÑÑ ÆÏËÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ; P/P'~-- ÐÅÒÅÄÎÑÑ É ÚÁÄÎÑÑ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ; V/V'~--ÐÅÒÅÄÎÉÊ É ÚÁÄÎÉÊ ËÒÁÑ ÐÏ×ÅÒÈÎÏÓÔÉ; H/H'~-- ÐÅÒÅÄÎÑÑ É ÚÁÄÎÑÑ ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÉ.\end{block}
\img{Lens_shapes}
\column{0.4\textwidth}
\img{Cardinal-points-1}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}ðÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÉÅ ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÅÎÉÊ.\end{block}
\begin{defin}\textbf{çÌÁ×ÎÁÑ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔØ} "--- ËÁÖÄÁÑ ÉÚ Ä×ÕÈ ÐÌÏÓËÏÓÔÅÊ, ÐÅÒÐÅÎÄÉËÕÌÑÒÎÙÈ ÏÐÔÉÞÅÓËÏÊ ÏÓÉ ÓÉÓÔÅÍÙ, ÉÚÏÂÒÁÖÁÀÝÉÈÓÑ ÏÄÎÁ × ÄÒÕÇÏÊ Ó ÌÉÎÅÊÎÙÍ Õ×ÅÌÉÞÅÎÉÅÍ, ÒÁ×ÎÙÍ ÅÄÉÎÉÃÅ. \textbf{ëÁÒÄÉÎÁÌØÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ} "--- Ä×Å ÇÌÁ×ÎÙÅ ÔÏÞËÉ É Ä×Å ÔÏÞËÉ ÆÏËÕÓÁ.\end{defin}
\img{geolens1}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{æÏÒÍÕÌÁ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ}
\begin{block}{}
$\displaystyle\frac1{f}=(n-1)\left[\frac1{R_1}-\frac1{R_2}+\frac{(n-1)d}{nR_1 R_2}\right]$,
× ÐÒÉÂÌÉÖÅÎÉÉ ÔÏÎËÏÊ ÌÉÎÚÙ: $\displaystyle\frac1{f}\approx(n-1)\left[\frac1{R_1}-\frac1{R_2}\right]$
\end{block}
\img[0.8]{Lens1}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{äÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÑ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{þÉÓÌÁ áÂÂÅ (ÐÏ ÆÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÏ×ÙÍ ÌÉÎÉÑÍ)}
$$V_d = \frac{n_d-1}{n_F-n_C},\quad V_e = \frac{n_e-1}{n_{F'}-n_{C'}}$$
ðÏËÁÚÁÔÅÌØ ÞÁÓÔÎÏÊ ÄÉÓÐÅÒÓÉÉ (PgF): $Pg_F = \dfrac{n_g-n_F}{n_F-n_C}$.
d~(He) -- 587.6\,ÎÍ, F~(H${}_\beta$) -- 486.1\ÎÍ, C~(H${}_\alpha$) -- 656.3\,ÎÍ,
e~(Hg) -- 546.1\,ÎÍ, F'~(Cd) -- 480.0\,ÎÍ, C'~(Cd) -- 643.9\,ÎÍ, g~(Hg) -- 435.8\,ÎÍ.
\end{block}\img[0.7]{CF}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}äÉÁÇÒÁÍÍÁ áÂÂÅ\end{block}\img[0.8]{Abbe-diagramm}}
\only<3>{\vspace{-1.4em}\begin{columns}\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{block}{óÈÅÍÁ ÏÂÒÁÚÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ}
1)~ÓÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ËÁÐÌÑ\\
2)~×ÎÕÔÒÅÎÎÅÅ ÏÔÒÁÖÅÎÉÅ\\
3)~ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÁÑ ÒÁÄÕÇÁ\\
4)~ÐÒÅÌÏÍÌÅÎÉÅ\\
5)~×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÁÑ ÒÁÄÕÇÁ\\
6)~×ÈÏÄÑÝÉÊ ÌÕÞ Ó×ÅÔÁ\\
7)~ÈÏÄ ÌÕÞÅÊ ÐÒÉ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
8)~ÈÏÄ ÌÕÞÅÊ ÐÒÉ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÉ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
9)~ÎÁÂÌÀÄÁÔÅÌØ\\
10)~ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ÐÅÒ×ÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
11)~ÏÂÌÁÓÔØ ÆÏÒÍÉÒÏ×ÁÎÉÑ ×ÔÏÒÉÞÎÏÊ ÒÁÄÕÇÉ\\
12)~ÏÂÌÁËÏ ËÁÐÅÌÅË
\end{block}
\column{0.48\textwidth}
\img{Rainbow_formation}
\end{columns}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{blueframe}{äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ}
\begin{block}{}
äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ æÒÁÕÎÇÏÆÅÒÁ (× ÄÁÌØÎÅÊ ÚÏÎÅ):\\
$\dfrac{W^{2}}{L\lambda }\ll 1$, W~-- ÛÉÒÉÎÁ ÝÅÌÉ, $L$~--ÒÁÓÓÔÏÑÎÉÅ.
$\Phi=\dfrac{W^{2}}{L\lambda }$~-- ÞÉÓÌÏ æÒÅÎÅÌÑ.\\
äÉÆÒÁËÃÉÑ æÒÅÎÅÌÑ: $\Phi>1$.\end{block}\img[0.69]{fresnel_zones}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{òÅÆÒÁËÔÏÒÙ}
\only<1>{çÁÌÉÌÅÑ\\\vspace*{-2em}\img[0.6]{galileoscopes}\vspace*{-1em}\img[0.6]{galileo_rays}}
\only<2>{ëÅÐÌÅÒÁ\img[0.9]{keplerian_ray}}
\only<3>{ñÎÁ çÅ×ÅÌÉÑ (1641, 46Í ÆÏËÕÓ)\\\vspace*{-0.4em}\img[0.75]{hevelius_scope}}
\only<4>{\begin{columns}\column{0.6\textwidth}
\vspace{-1em}\img[0.9]{Huygens_broths_scope}
\column{0.4\textwidth}\begin{block}{}
çÀÊÇÅÎÓÁ (×ÔÏÒÁÑ ÐÏÌÏ×ÉÎÁ XVII~×ÅËÁ, 37Í)\\
1655 "--- ËÏÌØÃÁ óÁÔÕÒÎÁ, ôÉÔÁÎ;\\
1657 "--- ÍÁÑÔÎÉËÏ×ÙÅ ÞÁÓÙ;\\
1659 "--- ÔÕÍÁÎÎÏÓÔØ ïÒÉÏÎÁ;\\
1675 "--- ÞÁÓÏ×ÁÑ ÓÐÉÒÁÌØ.
\end{block}\end{columns}}
\only<5>{Francois Deloncle, 1.25Í "--- ÐÁÒÉÖÓËÁÑ ×ÙÓÔÁ×ËÁ 1900\,Ç, $F=57\,$Í.\img[0.8]{Great_Ex_Telescope_Telescope}}
\end{frame}
\begin{blueframe}{òÅÆÌÅËÔÏÒÙ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}îØÀÔÏÎÁ (1668)\end{block}\begin{columns}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{NewtonsTelescopeReplica}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Newtonian_telescope}
\end{columns}}
\only<2>{\begin{block}{}çÅÒÛÅÌÑ--ìÏÍÏÎÏÓÏ×Á (1772/1762)\end{block}\begin{columns}\column{0.49\textwidth}
\img{early-herschel-40ft}\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Herschel-Lomonosov_reflecting_telescope}
\end{columns}}
\only<3>{\begin{block}{}çÒÅÇÏÒÉ (ÐÒÅÄÌÏÖÅÎÁ, ÎÏ ÎÅ ÐÏÓÔÒÏÅÎÁ × 1663: ÐÁÒÁÂÏÌÁ + ÜÌÌÉÐÓ)\end{block}
\begin{columns}\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Gregorian_telescope}
\column{0.49\textwidth}\img{Gregorian_telescopes}\end{columns}}
\only<4>{\begin{block}{}ëÁÓÓÅÇÒÅÎÁ (1672, ×ÁÒÉÁÃÉÑ "--- òÉÔÞÉ--ËÒÅÔØÅÎ, 1910, 2 ÇÉÐÅÒÂÏÌÙ)\end{block}
\img{Cassegrain_telescope}}
\only<5>{\begin{block}{}ûÍÉÄÔ--ëÁÓÓÅÇÒÅÎ (1950-Å "--- ÇÉÇÁÎÔÓËÉÅ ÒÁÚÍÅÒÙ ÐÏÌÑ)\end{block}\img{schmidt}}
\end{blueframe}
\begin{frame}{ðÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ ãÅÒÎÉËÅ}
\only<1>{\begin{block}{}þÅÔÎÙÅ ÐÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ ãÅÒÎÉËÅ:
$Z_n^m(\rho, \varphi)=R_n^m(\rho )\,\cos(m\varphi)$,\\
îÅÞÅÔÎÙÅ:
$Z_n^{-m}(\rho, \varphi)=R_n^m(\rho)\,\sin(m\,\varphi)$,\\
ÇÄÅ $m$ É $n$~-- ÐÏÌÏÖÉÔÅÌØÎÙÅ ÃÅÌÙÅ, $n\ge m$;\\
$\varphi$~-- ÕÇÌÏ×ÁÑ ËÏÏÒÄÉÎÁÔÁ;
$\rho$~-- ÒÁÄÉÕÓ-×ÅËÔÏÒ ($0\le\rho\le1$);
$R^m_n$~-- ÒÁÄÉÁÌØÎÙÅ ÐÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ.\\
ðÏÌÉÎÏÍÙ ãÅÒÎÉËÅ ÏÒÔÏÎÏÒÍÁÌØÎÙ, $|Z_n^m(\rho, \varphi)|\leq 1$.\\
$\displaystyle R^m(\rho)=\sum_{k=0}^{\tfrac{n-m}{2}}\frac{(-1)^{k}\,(n-k)!}{k!\left(\tfrac {n+m}{2}-k\right)!\left(\tfrac {n-m}{2}-k\right)!}\;\rho^{n-2\,k}$ ÄÌÑ ÞÅÔÎÙÈ $n-m$,\\
$R_n^m\equiv 0$ ÄÌÑ ÎÅÞÅÔÎÙÈ $n-m$.
\end{block}
}
\only<2>{\img[0.6]{Zernike_polynomials2}}
\only<3>{\begin{table}\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|}\hline
\bf Z& $\mathbf{Z_j}$ & \bf Name \\\hline
$Z_0^0$ & 1& óÍÅÝÅÎÉÅ \\\hline
$Z_1^{-1}$ & $2\rho\sin\varphi$ & ÷ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÙÊ ÎÁËÌÏÎ \\\hline
$Z_1^1$ & $2\rho\cos\varphi$ & çÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÙÊ ÎÁËÌÏÎ \\\hline
$Z_2^{-2}$ & $\sqrt6\rho^2\sin2\varphi$ & áÓÔÉÇÍÁÔÉÚÍ (ËÏÓÏÊ)\\\hline
$Z_2^{0}$ & $\sqrt3(2\rho^2-1)$ & äÅÆÏËÕÓ\\\hline
$Z_3^{-1}$ & $\sqrt8(3\rho^3-2\rho)\sin\varphi$ & ÷ÅÒÔÉËÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁ\\\hline
$Z_3^1$ & $\sqrt8(3\rho^3-2\rho)\cos\varphi$ & çÏÒÉÚÏÎÔÁÌØÎÁÑ ËÏÍÁ\\\hline
$Z_4^0$ & $\sqrt5(6\rho^4-6\rho^2+1)$ & óÆÅÒÉÞÅÓËÁÑ ÁÂÅÒÒÁÃÉÑ\\\hline
\end{tabular}\end{table}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎÁ}
\only<1>{óÕÔØ ÍÅÔÏÄÉËÉ \img[0.9]{hartmann}}
\only<2>{üËÒÁÎ 3.5-Í ÔÅÌÅÓËÏÐÁ (WIYN, ëÉÔÔ-ðÉË)\img[0.9]{WIYN_HartmanScreen_10-91_b}}
\only<3>{üËÒÁÎ âôá \img[0.9]{BTA_hartm}}
\only<4>{÷ÏÌÎÏ×ÏÊ ÆÒÏÎÔ \img[0.6]{mirr_BTA_h}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{íÅÔÏÄ ûÁËÁ-çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎÁ}
\only<1>{\img{shag}}
\only<2,3,4>{\begin{columns}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ûÁË-çÁÒÔÍÁÎÎ ÎÁ âôá}
ïïï <<÷ÉÚÉÏÎÉËÁ>>, éðìéô òáî.
ðÒÉÍÅÎÑÅÔÓÑ Ó 2015 ÇÏÄÁ.\\
éÍÅÅÔ ÂÏÌÅÅ ×ÙÓÏËÏÅ ÒÁÚÒÅÛÅÎÉÅ.\\
åÄÉÎÓÔ×ÅÎÎÙÊ ÄÏÓÔÕÐÎÙÊ ÄÌÑ âôá ÍÅÔÏÄ.\\
òÁÓÔÒ $60\times60$ APO-Q-P1000-F40 ($61\times61\,$ÍÍ).
\end{block}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\only<2>{\img{mlm_MonolithicLensletModule}}
\only<3>{\img{SHA_BTA}}
\only<4>{\img{favaris01}}\end{columns}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{Zemax}
\only<1>{\img{mirr_Coma}}
\only<2>{\img{fft-mtf}}
\only<3>{\img{matrix-spot}}
\only<4>{\img{ray-fan}}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{òÁÄÉÏÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒÉÑ}
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}\img{cross_cor}\column{0.48\textwidth}
\begin{block}{ó×ÅÒÈÄÌÉÎÎÁÑ ÂÁÚÁ}òóäâ--ÉÎÔÅÒÆÅÒÏÍÅÔÒ. äÁÎÎÙÅ ÓÏÂÉÒÁÀÔÓÑ ÎÅÚÁ×ÉÓÉÍÏ. äÁÌÅÅ
ÏÓÕÝÅÓÔ×ÌÑÅÔÓÑ ËÏÒÒÅÌÑÃÉÏÎÎÁÑ ÏÂÒÁÂÏÔËÁ. ë×ÁÚÁÒ--ë÷ï.
\end{block}\end{columns}\img[0.9]{quasar}
\end{frame}
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